7 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB MALLATT WILHELM
7 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham PART 1 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skeleton § Consists of § Bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments § Composed of 206 named bones grouped into two divisions § Axial skeleton (80 bones) § Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton § § Formed from 80 named bones Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 1 a
The Axial Skeleton § § Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax Provides attachment for appendicular skeleton Figure 7. 1 b
Bone Markings § § § Projections that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments Projections that help form joints Depressions and openings for passage of nerves and blood vessels Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skull § Formed by cranial and facial bones Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 2 a
The Cranium § The cranium serves to § Enclose brain § Provide attachment for head and neck muscles Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Face § Facial bones serve to § Form framework of the face § Form cavities for the sense organs of sight, taste, and smell § Provide openings for the passage of air and food § Hold the teeth in place § Anchor muscles of the face Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Skull Geography § The skull contains smaller cavities § Middle and inner ear cavities – in lateral aspect of cranial base § Nasal cavity – lies in and posterior to the nose § Orbits – house the eyeballs § Air-filled sinuses – occur in several bones around the nasal cavity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fontanels Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 21 a
Fontanels Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 21 b
Lateral Aspect of the Skull Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 3 a
Mandible § The lower jawbone is the largest and strongest facial bone Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mandible Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 8 a
Orbits Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 10 b
Paranasal Sinuses § Air-filled sinuses are located within § Frontal bone § Ethmoid bone § Sphenoid bone § Maxillary bones § § Lined with mucous membrane Serve to lighten the skull Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Paranasal Sinuses Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 11 a, b
7 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham PART 4 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Vertebral Column § § § Formed from 26 bones in the adult Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs Surrounds and protects the spinal cord Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back Held in place by ligaments Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intervertebral Discs § § § Cushion-like pads between vertebrae Act as shock absorbers Compose about 25% of height of vertebral column Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intervertebral Discs § An outer layer of ligaments and cartilage-functions to bind vertebrae together, resist tension on the spine. § The gelatinous inner structure of intervertebral disc enables spine to absorb compressive stresses Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ligaments and Intervertebral Discs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 14 a
Herniated Disc § § May be caused by trauma to the spine Aging is also a contributing factor § loses cushioning properties Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 14 c
Regions and Normal Curvatures § § Vertebral column is about 70 cm (28 inches) Vertebral column is divided into five major regions § § § Cervical vertebrae § 7 vertebrae of the neck region Thoracic vertebrae § 12 vertebrae of the thoracic region Lumbar vertebrae § 5 vertebrae of the lower back Sacrum(骶骨) § Inferior to lumbar vertebrae Coccyx (尾骨) § Most inferior region of the vertebral column Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regions and Normal Curvatures § Four distinct curvatures give vertebral column an S-shape § § Cervical and lumbar curvature-- concave posteriorly Curvatures increase the resilience of the spine Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
General Structure of Vertebrae Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 15
7 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham PART 5 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regions Vertebral Characteristics § § Specific regions of the spine perform specific functions Types of movement that occur between vertebrae § Flexion and extension § Lateral flexion § Rotation in the long axis Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cervical Vertebrae § § Seven cervical vertebrae (C 1 – C 7) smallest and lightest vertebrae Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Atlas § § § C 1 is termed the atlas Supports the skull Allows flexion and extension of neck § Nodding the head “yes” Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axis Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 16 c
Thoracic Vertebrae (T 1 – T 12) § All articulate with ribs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lumbar Vertebrae Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 7. 2 c
Lumbar Vertebrae Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 17 c
Sacrum and Coccyx § § Sacrum is formed from 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx is the “tailbone” -- formed from 3 – 5 fused vertebrae Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 18 a, b
7 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham PART 7 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bony Thorax § § § Forms the framework of the chest Components of the bony thorax § Thoracic vertebrae – posteriorly § Ribs – laterally § Sternum and costal cartilage – anteriorly Protects thoracic organs Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs Provides attachment sites for muscles Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ribs § All ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly § True ribs - superior seven pairs of ribs § Attach to sternum by costal cartilage § False ribs – inferior five pairs of ribs § Ribs 11– 12 are known as floating ribs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ribs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 20 a
Ribs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 20 b
The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life § Aging of the axial skeleton § Water content of the intervertebral discs decreases § By age 55, loss of a few centimeters in height is common § Thorax becomes more rigid § Bones lose mass with age Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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