67 Bones and Skeletal Tissues Axial Skeleton Pages

6&7 Bones and Skeletal Tissues Axial Skeleton Pages 123 -131, 133 -135, 150 -179 Power. Point® Lecture Presentations prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Cartilage • Hyaline cartilage (glassy) • Most abundant cartilage • Provides support through flexibility • Elastic cartilage—contains many elastic fibers • Able to tolerate repeated bending • Fibrocartilage—resists strong compression and strong tension • An intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Function of Bones • Support—provides hard framework • Movement—skeletal muscles use bones as levers • Protection of underlying organs • Mineral storage—reservoir for important minerals • Blood-cell formation—bone contains red marrow • Energy metabolism—osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Bones • Long bones—longer than wide; a shaft plus ends • Short bones—roughly cube-shaped • Flat bones—thin and flattened, usually curved • Irregular bones—various shapes, do not fit into other categories © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 3 Classification of bones. Flat bone (sternum) Long bone (humerus) Short bone

Structure of a Typical Long Bone • Diaphysis—“shaft” of a bone • Epiphysis—ends of a bone • Blood vessels—well vascularized • Medullary cavity—hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow • Membranes • Periosteum, perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers), and endosteum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 4 The structure of a long bone (humerus). Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Compact bone Spongy bone Endosteum Epiphyseal line Periosteum Endosteum Compact bone Diaphysis Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating collagen fiber bundles Nutrient arteries Distal epiphysis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 6. 1 Bone Markings (1 of 2) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 6. 1 Bone Markings (2 of 2) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bone Tissue • Bone tissue • Organic components—cells, fibers, and ground substance • Inorganic

Cells • Three types of cells in bone produces or maintain bone • Osteogenic cells—stem cells • Osteoblasts—actively produce and secrete bone matrix • Osteocytes—keep bone matrix healthy Osteoclasts—responsible for resorption of bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gross Anatomy of Bones • Compact bone—dense outer layer of bone • Spongy (cancellous)

Figure 6. 7 Microscopic structure of compact bone. Compact bone Spongy bone Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Central (Haversian) canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae Lamellae Osteocyte within lacuna Nerve Vein Artery Canaliculi Osteocyte in a lacuna © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Perforating collagen fiber bundles Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum Lamellae Central canal Lacunae Central canal Interstitial lamella

Figure 6. 9 Spongy bone. Marrow space Trabecula Osteocytes Endosteum Osteoblasts © 2014 Pearson

The Skeleton • Consists of: • Bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments • Composed of 206 named bones grouped into two divisions • Axial skeleton (80 bones) • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Axial Skeleton Skull • Formed from 80 named bones • Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Vertebral column Sacrum Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula (a) Anterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Figure 7. 1 a

The Skull • Formed by cranial and facial bones Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 6 a

The Cranium • Is the body’s most complex bony structure • The cranium •

The Face • Facial bones serve to • Form framework of the face • Form cavities for the sense organs of sight, taste, and smell • Provide openings for the passage of air and food • Hold the teeth in place • Anchor muscles of the face © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Uvula Oropharynx Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea (b) Illustration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Larynx Lingual tonsil Hyoid bone Epiglottis Vestibular fold Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Figure 22. 3 b

Cranial Bones • Formed from eight large bones • Paired bones include • Temporal bones • Parietal bones • Unpaired bones include • Frontal bone • Occipital bone • Sphenoid bone • Ethmoid bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Parietal Bones and Sutures • Parietal bones form superior and lateral parts of skull • Four sutures of the cranium • Coronal suture—runs in the coronal plane • Located where parietal bones meet the frontal bone • Squamous suture—occurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Squamous suture Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Occipital bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Alveolar margins Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular ramus (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Parietal Bones and Sutures • Four sutures of the cranium (continued) • Sagittal suture—occurs where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly • Lambdoid suture—occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skull— Posterior View Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital condyle Occipitomastoid suture Figure 7. 5

Frontal Bone • Forms the forehead and roofs of orbits • Supraorbital margin—superior margin of orbits • Glabella—smooth part of frontal bone between superciliary arches • Frontal sinuses within frontal bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 6 a

Cranial cavity Frontal bone Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus Orbit Zygomatic bone Ethmoid sinuses Ethmoid bone Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Fig. 7. 3 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Oral cavity Maxilla Vomer Mandible

Occipital Bone • Forms the posterior portion of the cranium and cranial base • Articulates with the temporal bones and parietal bones • Foramen magnum located at its base © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Squamous suture Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Occipital bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Alveolar margins Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular ramus (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Inferior Aspect of the Skull Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Vomer Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Occipital bone Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Pterygoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Foramen magnum Figure 7. 7 a

Temporal Bones • Lie inferior to parietal bones • Specific regions of temporal bone • Squamous, tymphanic, petrous, and mastoid regions • The mastoid process • Site for neck muscle attachment • Contains air sinuses © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lateral Aspect of the Skull Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Coronal suture Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Nasal bone Temporal bone Lacrimal fossa Zygomatic bone Coronoid process Maxilla Zygomatic process Lambdoid suture Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture Alveolar margins Mandible Mental foramen External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle (b) Photograph of right side of skull © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 4 b

The Temporal Bone External acoustic meatus Squamous region Mastoid region Zygomatic process Mastoid process

The Sphenoid Bone • Spans the width of the cranial floor • Resembles a

Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Pterygoid process (b) Posterior

The Ethmoid Bone • Lies between nasal and sphenoid bones • Forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits • Cribriform plate—superior surface of the ethmoid bone • Contain olfactory foramina • Crista galli—attachment for falx cerebri • Perpendicular plate—forms superior part of nasal septum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial cavity Frontal bone Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus Orbit Zygomatic bone Ethmoid sinuses Ethmoid bone Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Oral cavity Maxilla Vomer Mandible © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Ethmoid Bone Crista galli Olfactory foramina Orbital plate Cribriform plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Middle nasal concha Figure 7. 12

Facial Bones • Unpaired bones • Mandible and vomer • Paired bones • Maxillae

Facial Bones Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 6 a

Mandible • The lower jawbone is the largest and strongest facial bone • Composed

Mandible Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular foramen Alveolar margin Mental foramen Ramus of mandible Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible, right lateral view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 13 a

Maxillary Bones • Articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible • Contain maxillary sinuses—largest paranasal sinuses • Forms part of the inferior orbital fissure • Are the “keystone” bones of the face © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maxillary Bones Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Zygomatic process (cut) Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin (b) Maxilla, right lateral view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 13 b

Cranial cavity Frontal bone Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus Orbit Zygomatic bone Ethmoid sinuses Ethmoid bone Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Oral cavity Maxilla Vomer Mandible © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inferior Aspect of the Skull Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Vomer Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Occipital bone Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Pterygoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Foramen magnum Figure 7. 7 a

Other Bones of the Face • Zygomatic bones • Form lateral wall of orbits • Nasal bones • Form bridge of nose • Lacrimal bones • Located in the medial orbital walls • Palatine bones • Complete the posterior part of the hard palate © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 6 a

Other Bones of the Face • Vomer • Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum • Inferior nasal conchae • Thin, curved bones that project medially form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nasal Cavity Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Sphenoid bone Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoid sinus Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 14 a

Nasal Septum Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Sphenoid sinus Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Palatine bone Hard Palatine process palate of maxilla Vomer Alveolar margin of maxilla (b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 14 b

Paranasal Sinuses • Air-filled sinuses are located within • Frontal bone • Ethmoid bone • Sphenoid bone • Maxillary bones • Lined with mucous membrane • Lighten the skull © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Hyoid Bone • Lies inferior to the mandible • The only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone • Acts as a movable base for the tongue © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Greater horn Lesser horn Body Figure 7. 17

The Vertebral Column • Formed from 26 bones in the adult • Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs • Surrounds and protects the spinal cord • Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back • Held in place by ligaments • Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments • Ligamentum flavum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 L 1 2 3 4 5 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C 1 – C 7 Spinous process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T 1 – T 12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L 1 – L 5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Right lateral view Figure 7. 18

Regions • The Vertebral column has five major regions • 7 cervical vertebrae of the neck region • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • Sacrum—five fused bones • Inferior to lumbar vertebrae • Coccyx—inferior to sacrum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intervertebral Discs • Are cushion-like pads between vertebrae • Composed of • Nucleus pulposus

General Structure of Vertebrae • Common structures to all regions • Body • Vertebral arch • Vertebral foramen • Spinous process • Transverse process • Superior and inferior articular processes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical Vertebrae • Seven cervical vertebrae (C 1–C 7)— smallest and lightest vertebrae • C 3–C 7 are typical cervical vertebrae • Body is wider laterally • Spinous processes are short and bifid (except C 7) • Vertebral foramen are large and triangular • Transverse processes contain transverse foramina © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical Vertebrae Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C 1 (atlas) C 2 (axis) C 3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C 7 (vertebra prominens) (a) Cervical vertebrae © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7. 21 a

The Atlas • C 1 is termed the atlas • Lacks a body and spinous process • Supports the skull • Superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles • Allows flexion and extension of neck • Nodding the head “yes” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Axis • Has a body and spinous process • Dens (odontoid process) projects superiorly • Formed from fusion of the body of the atlas with the axis • Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull • Participates in rotating the head from side to indicate ‘no’ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thoracic Vertebrae (T 1—T 12) • All articulate with ribs • Have heart-shaped bodies from the superior view • Spinous processes are long and point inferiorly • Vertebral foramen are circular • Transverse processes articulate with tubercles of ribs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lumbar Vertebrae (L 1—L 5) • Bodies are thick and robust • Transverse processes are thin and tapered • Spinous processes are thick, blunt, and point posteriorly • Vertebral foramina are triangular © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum (S 1—S 5) • Shapes the posterior wall of pelvis • Formed from 5 fused vertebrae • Superior surface articulates with L 5 • Inferiorly articulates with coccyx Coccyx • Is the “tailbone” • Formed from 3— 5 fused vertebrae • Offers only slight support to pelvic organs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum Body Sacral promontory Ala Sacral canal Body of first sacral vertebra Facet of superior articular process Auricular surface Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Apex Median sacral crest Anterior Posterior sacral foramina Coccyx (a) Anterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Coccyx Lateral sacral crest Sacral hiatus (b) Posterior view Figure 7. 23

The Thoracic Cage • Forms the framework of the chest • Components • Thoracic vertebrae—posteriorly • Ribs—laterally • Sternum and costal cartilage—anteriorly • Protects thoracic organs • Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs • Provides attachment sites for muscles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Thoracic Cage Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process True ribs (1– 7 Sternum False ribs (8– 12) Intercostal spaces L 1 Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Costal cartilage Costal margin Figure 7. 24 a

Sternum • Formed from three sections • Manubrium—superior section • Articulates with medial end of clavicles • Body—bulk of sternum • Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2– 7 • Xiphoid process—inferior end of sternum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ribs • All ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly • True ribs - superior seven pairs of ribs • Attach to sternum by costal cartilage • False ribs—inferior five pairs of ribs • Ribs 11– 12 are known as floating ribs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.