6 The Nervous System Lesson 6 1 Overview

Organization of the Nervous System • Two major divisions – Central Nervous System (CNS)

Two Major Divisions © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational

The Efferent Nerves • Somatic Nervous System – Voluntary • Skeletal muscles • Autonomic

Nervous Tissues • Neurons – Transmit nerve impulses • Neuroglia – Support the neurons

Neurons • Dendrites – Receive information • Axons – Send information • Cell Body

Neuron Types by Function • Sensory Neurons – “Input” = afferent – Send impulses

Neuron Structures • Bipolar • Unipolar – One axon – One dendrite – Sensory

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses

Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Action Potentials ***Change in cell membrane charge – Polarized

Impulse Transmission • Transmission at synapses – – Gap junctions Neurotransmitter Excitatory effect Inhibitory

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous

The Brain • • Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum Meninges Blood-brain barrier ©

Cerebrum • Cerebral cortex • Lobes – Gyrus (raised) – Sulcus (grooves) – Fissure

Cerebrum © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Cerebellum • Coordinates body movements and balance – Receives input from eyes, inner ears

Diencephalon • Thalamus – Relay station for sensory and motor information – Regulates arousal,

Brain Stem • Midbrain – Relay of information concerning vision, hearing, alertness • Pons

The Brain • Blood-brain barrier – Allow water, glucose, and amino acids • Meninges

Spinal Cord © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous

Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System • • Nerve structure Cranial nerves Spinal

Nerve Structure • Endoneurium – Covers axons • Perineurium – Bundles fascicles • Epineurium

Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses • 31 pairs • Dorsal root – Sensory input

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous

Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord • Traumatic brain injury • Cerebral palsy

Traumatic Brain Injury • Violent impact to head – Mild – Moderate – Severe

Cerebral Palsy • Damage to brain – Before birth – During infancy • Motor

Spinal Cord Injuries • • C 1–C 3: C 1–C 4: C 5–C 7:

Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS • • • Meningitis Multiple sclerosis Epilepsy

Slides: 31

Download presentation

6 The Nervous System Lesson 6. 1: Overview of the Nervous System Lesson 6. 2: Transmission of Nerve Impulses Lesson 6. 3: Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Lesson 6. 4: Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Lesson 6. 5: Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 1 Overview of the Nervous System

Organization of the Nervous System • Two major divisions – Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Spinal Cord – Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Afferent (sensory) nerves • Efferent (motor) nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Two Major Divisions © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Efferent Nerves • Somatic Nervous System – Voluntary • Skeletal muscles • Autonomic Nervous System – Involuntary – Sympathetic • Fight or Flight – Parasympathetic • Rest & Digest © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Nervous Tissues • Neurons – Transmit nerve impulses • Neuroglia – Support the neurons – Protect the neurons – CNS = astrocytes & oligodendrocytes – PNS = Schwann cells & satellite cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Neurons • Dendrites – Receive information • Axons – Send information • Cell Body (soma) – Contain the nucleus • Myelin Sheath – Speed up transmission © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Neuron Types by Function • Sensory Neurons – “Input” = afferent – Send impulses toward CNS • Motor Neurons – “Output” = efferent – end impulses away from CNS © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Neuron Structures • Bipolar • Unipolar – One axon – One dendrite – Sensory organs • Multipolar – One axon split into two sections © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. – Several dendrites – Brain & SC Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses

Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Action Potentials ***Change in cell membrane charge – Polarized • Inside of cell membrane is more negative – Depolarized • Inside of cell membrane is more positive – Repolarized • Reestablishment of polarized state after depolarization – Refractory period • Time between completion of action potential & repolarization © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Impulse Transmission • Transmission at synapses – – Gap junctions Neurotransmitter Excitatory effect Inhibitory effect © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

The Brain • • Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum Meninges Blood-brain barrier © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Cerebrum • Cerebral cortex • Lobes – Gyrus (raised) – Sulcus (grooves) – Fissure (deep) – Frontal • Memory, intelligence, behavior, emotion, smell – Parietal • Somatic sensations, speech – Occipital • Vision, speech – Temporal • Hearing, smell, memory, speech • Primary motor cortex • Primary somatic sensory cortex © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Cerebrum © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Cerebellum • Coordinates body movements and balance – Receives input from eyes, inner ears © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Diencephalon • Thalamus – Relay station for sensory and motor information – Regulates arousal, sleep, consciousness • Hypothalamus – Key part of ANS • Regulates metabolism, R, BP, thirst, hunger, energy, body temperature, sex drive, pain, pleasure sensation © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Brain Stem • Midbrain – Relay of information concerning vision, hearing, alertness • Pons – Regulates breathing • Medulla oblongata – Regulates HR, BP – Controls reflexes for coughing, sneezing, vomiting © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Brain • Blood-brain barrier – Allow water, glucose, and amino acids • Meninges – Dura mater – Arachnoid mater – Pia mater © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System

Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System • • Nerve structure Cranial nerves Spinal nerves and nerve plexuses Autonomic nervous system © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Nerve Structure • Endoneurium – Covers axons • Perineurium – Bundles fascicles • Epineurium – Wraps nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses • 31 pairs • Dorsal root – Sensory input • Ventral root – Motor output • Plexuses – Branching networks of nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6. 5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System

Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord • Traumatic brain injury • Cerebral palsy • Spinal cord injury © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Traumatic Brain Injury • Violent impact to head – Mild – Moderate – Severe © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Cerebral Palsy • Damage to brain – Before birth – During infancy • Motor function impairment © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Spinal Cord Injuries • • C 1–C 3: C 1–C 4: C 5–C 7: T 1–L 5: Usually fatal Quadriplegia Paralysis of lower extremities Paraplegia Corepics/Shutterstock. com © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS • • • Meningitis Multiple sclerosis Epilepsy Parkinson’s disease Dementia & Alzheimer’s disease © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.