6 Lipids Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning All Rights
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6 Lipids Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
LEARNING OUTCOMES 1 List and describe the major types, functions, and structures of lipids. 2 Differentiate among essential, conditionally essential, and nonessential fatty acids. 3 Describe the differences among mono-, di-, and triglycerides. 4 Discuss the functions of phospholipids and sterols. 5 Explain the processes of triglyceride digestion, absorption, and circulation. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES 6 List and describe the types and functions of the various lipoproteins. 7 Explain the impact of lipids on your health. 8 Understand be able to implement dietary recommendations for lipids. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3
What Are Lipids? • Organic macronutrients • Insoluble in water - Hydrophobic • Roles of lipids • Oil • Liquid at room temperature • Fat • Solid at room temperature • Major lipids Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4
What Are Lipids? • Fatty acids • Most abundant type of lipid in body and diet • Structure - Carbon chain ▶ Alpha end – carboxylic acid group ▶ Omega end – methyl group • Types - Number of carbons - Types and locations of chemical bonds Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5
FIGURE 6. 1 Fatty Acid Structure Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6
What Are Lipids? • Fatty acids • Chain length - Most naturally-occurring fatty acids have even number - Short-chain, medium-chain, and longchain fatty acids - Chemical properties - Physiological functions - Solubility in water Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7
FIGURE 6. 2 Fatty Acids Can Have Different Chain Lengths Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8
What Are Lipids? • Fatty acids • Chemical bonds - Single bonds ▸ Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) - Double bonds ▸ Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) ▸ Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) - Chemical nature Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9
FIGURE 6. 3 Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10
What Are Lipids? • Fatty acids • Cis double bonds - Hydrogens on same side of double bond • Trans double bond - Hydrogens on opposite sides of double bond • Trans fatty acids in food - Naturally occurring - Hydrogenation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11
FIGURE 6. 4 Cis versus Trans Fatty Acids Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12
What Are Lipids? • Naming fatty acids • Characteristics • Alpha naming system - Relative to carboxylic acid end • Omega naming system - Double bond’s distance from the methyl end ▶ Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids • Common names Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13
FIGURE 6. 5 The Alpha (α) Naming System Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14
What Are Essential, Conditionally Essential, and Nonessential Fatty Acids? • Essential fatty acids • Linoleic acid - 18 carbons; two double bonds; omega 6 fatty acid - Arachidonic acid • Linolenic acid - 18 carbons; three double bonds; omega-3 fatty acid - EPA ▸ DHA Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15
What Are Essential, Conditionally Essential, and Nonessential Fatty Acids? • Essential fatty acids • Eicosanoids - Roles - Omega-6 eicosanoids ▸ Cause inflammation and constriction of blood vessels - Omega-3 eicosanoids ▸ Reduce inflammation and stimulate dilation of blood vessels Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16
FIGURE 6. 6 Fatty Acid Metabolism and Eicosanoid Formation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17
What Are Essential, Conditionally Essential, and Nonessential Fatty Acids? • Essential fatty acids • Deficiency - Primary ▸ Rare - Secondary ▸ Diseases that disrupt lipid absorption ▸ Cystic fibrosis Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18
What Are Essential, Conditionally Essential, and Nonessential Fatty Acids? • Conditionally essential fatty acids • Infancy - Arachidonic acid - DHA • Dietary sources of fatty acids • Linoleic acid • Linolenic acid • EPA and DHA Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19
What Are Essential, Conditionally Essential, and Nonessential Fatty Acids? • Nonessential fatty acids • Dietary sources - SFAs - PUFAs - MUFAs • Roles Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20
What Is the Difference between Mono-, Di-, and Triglycerides? • Number of fatty acids in chemical structure • Saturation of fatty acids • Lipogenesis • Fatty acids combine with glycerol Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21
FIGURE 6. 8 Triglyceride Structure Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22
What Is the Difference between Mono-, Di-, and Triglycerides? • Triglycerides • Richest source of energy - 9 kcal per gram • Lipolysis - β-oxidation • Ketones - Ketogenesis Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23
What Is the Difference between Mono-, Di-, and Triglycerides? • Triglycerides • Storage in adipose tissue - Adipocytes - Stored as triglycerides ▸ Advantages • Location of adipose tissue - Subcutaneous vs. visceral adipose tissue • Role of insulin • Insulation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24
What Are Phospholipids and Sterols? • Roles • Cell membranes • Transport of lipids in bloodstream • No dietary requirements for either of them Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25
What Are Phospholipids and Sterols? • Phospholipids • • Has two fatty acids Phosphate-containing hydrophilic head Amphipathic Roles - Cell membranes - Digestion, absorption, and transport of lipids - Other functions Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26
FIGURE 6. 10 Cell Membrane Made from Phospholipid Bilayer Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27
What Are Phospholipids and Sterols? • Sterols • Multi-ring structure • Cholesterol - Synthesis of bile acid - Component of cell membranes - Reproductive hormones - Other roles • Sources • Phytosterols Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28
FIGURE 6. 12 Cholesterol Content of Selected Foods Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29
How Are Triglycerides Digested, Absorbed, and Circulated? • Basic goal of digestion • Mouth • Lingual lipase • Stomach • Gastrin - Gastric lipase Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30
How Are Triglycerides Digested, Absorbed, and Circulated? • Small intestine • Phase 1: Micelle formation - Bile disperses large globules into smaller droplets ▸ Emulsification - Gallbladder disease ▸ Removal of gallbladder Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31
FIGURE 6. 14 Emulsification of Lipids to Form Micelles in the Small Intestine Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32
How Are Triglycerides Digested, Absorbed, and Circulated? • Small intestine • Phase 2: Pancreatic lipase - Secretin ▸ Release of pancreatic lipase • Final products of lipid digestion - Fatty acids - Glycerol - Monoglycerides Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33
How Are Triglycerides Digested, Absorbed, and Circulated? • Absorption • Two ways - Unassisted transport into intestinal cells ▶ Short- and medium-chain fatty acids - Repackaging into micelles in lumen ▶ Contents released into intestinal cell’s interior Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34
How Are Triglycerides Digested, Absorbed, and Circulated? • Circulation • Depends on hydrophilic nature of lipid - More hydrophilic ▸ Circulation in blood attached to albumin ▸ Circulates to liver - Less hydrophilic ▸ Circulated in lymph ▸ Lipoproteins ▸ Liporotein lipase Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35
FIGURE 6. 15 Absorption and Circulation of Lipids Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36
What Are the Types and Functions of Various Lipoproteins? • Produced in the liver • Transport lipids in the blood • Complex globular structures - Apoprotein • Chylomicron • Largest and least dense • Produced in small intestine • Transport dietary lipids exclusively Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37
FIGURE 6. 17 Origins and Major Functions of Lipoproteins Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38
What Are the Types and Functions of Various Lipoproteins? • Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) • Lower lipid-to-protein ratio than chylomicra • Primary function • Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) • LDL receptors • “Bad” cholesterol - Plaque • Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39
What Are the Types and Functions of Various Lipoproteins? • High-density lipoproteins (HDL) • Lowest lipid-to-protein ratio • Collect excess cholesterol - Transport it back to the liver • “Good” cholesterol • Different types - Not equally effective in removing cholesterol Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40
How Are Dietary Lipids Related to Health? • High-fat foods and obesity • Major public health concern • Associated health risks Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41
How Are Dietary Lipids Related to Health? • Cardiovascular disease • Common types - Heart disease - Stroke • Atherosclerosis • Blood clot - Aneurysm • Lipids of concern • Genetics Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42
FIGURE 6. 18 Causes of Cardiovascular Disease Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43
How Are Dietary Lipids Related to Health? • Cardiovascular disease • Nutritional guidelines - Moderate overall energy intake - Balance your macronutrients - Whole grains - Dietary fiber • Cancer • Recommendations Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44
What Are Some Overall Dietary Recommendations for Lipids? • Essential fatty acids • Consume adequate amounts - DRIs ▸ AIs • Omega-3 fatty acid intake • Limit cholesterol, SFAs, and trans fat • Dietary guidelines • Total lipid consumption • AMDRs Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45
FIGURE 6. 19 Reading Nutrition Facts Panels Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46
Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47
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