6 Kingdoms Formerly grouped as one kingdom known

6 Kingdoms • • • Formerly grouped as one kingdom known as the Monerans. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista These four kingdoms Fungi are believed to have evolved from the Plantae Archaebacteria. Animalia

Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes • No nucleus • No membrane-bound organelles • Most cells are 1 -10 μm in size • Evolved 3. 5 billion years ago • Found only in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms • Has nucleus • Many organelles • Cells can be between 2 - 1, 000 μm in size • Evolved 1. 5 billion years ago • Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

Types of Nutrition • Autotrophs: (able to make own food) 1. ) Photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food 2. ) Chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H 2 S, sulfur, and iron are consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food • Heterotrophs: (unable to make own food) 1. ) Ingestion: organism eats other organisms or their organic byproducts 2. ) Absorption: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside the body, then absorb the digested molecules

Kingdom Archaebacteria • Cell Type: prokaryotes (original life form on earth; gave rise to eukaryotes) • Body Forms: unicellular • Cell Structure: have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane or other membrane-bound organelles. • Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs • Habitat: extreme environments such as d deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs

Kingdom Archaebacteria Other Important Information: fewer than 100 species are believed to exist Sketches of Cellular Examples: methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria, anaerobic bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria • Cell Type: Prokaryotes - considered the “true bacteria” • Body Forms: unicellular • Cell Structure: cell walls made of peptidoglycans; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane and membranebound organelles • Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs; heterotrophic forms too • Habitat: Common environments – land, water and air; live in and on organisms

Kingdom Eubacteria Other Important Information: extremely diverse – more than 5000 species exist. Ecologically important as decomposers. Symbiotic relationships with humans – mutualistic in gut; parasitic when they cause disease. Sketches of Cellular Examples: Anthrax, E. coli, Salmonella, Gonorrhea

Kingdom Protista • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial • Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membranebound organelles; some have cell walls made of cellulose, pectin or silica • Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs that use ingestion or absorption • Habitat: freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms

Kingdom Protista Other Important Information: the “catch-all kingdom”; range from microscopic to 150 feet long in size; some are animal-like, some are plant-like; some cause disease. Sketches of Cellular Examples: kelp, algae, slime mold, Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena, diatoms

Kingdom Fungi • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular • Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles but lack chloroplasts; cell walls made of chitin; some have more than one nucleus and some have openings between adjacent cells • Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption) • Habitat: most are terrestrial, some live on or in organisms

Kingdom Fungi Other Important Information: Ecological importance as decomposers. Many have relationships with other organisms. In humansparasitic fungus cause athlete’s foot and ringworm. Mutualistic examples too: mychorrizae in plants and lichens with algae. Sketches of Cellular Examples: bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, mildew, mold, truffles

Kingdom Plantae • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Body Forms: multicellular • Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membranebound organelles; have chloroplasts; cell walls made of cellulose; have large central vacuoles; vascular plants have advanced tissues and organs • Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs • Habitat: mostly terrestrial

Kingdom Plantae Other Important Information: plants are the base of terrestrial food chains; more than 262, 000 species exist Sketches of Cellular Examples: moss, ferns, pine trees, oak trees, shrubs, flowers, grass

Kingdom Animalia • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Body Forms: multicellular • Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membranebound organelles; but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; most have advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs • Nutrition: heterotrophic • Habitat: land, water, air

Kingdom Animalia Other Important Information: the most diverse of all kingdoms in appearance; most are motile (they can move) Sketches of Cellular Examples: sponges, worms, snails, insects (ants, grasshoppers), birds, snake, fish, elephant, human