6 Basic Sentence Patterns 1 Subject Verb I

6 Basic Sentence Patterns 1. Subject + Verb I swim. Joe swims. They swam. 2. Subject + Verb + Object I drive a car. Joe plays the guitar. They ate dinner. 3. Subject + Verb + Complement (noun / adjective) I am busy. Joe became a doctor. They look sick. 4. Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object I gave her a gift. She teaches us English. 5. Subject + Verb + Object + Complement I left the door open. We elected him president. They named her Jane. 6. Subject + V. be + Complement/ Prep. P. / Adverb. I’m a nurse. A snake charmer is a person. My phone is in my pocket. My cat is outside.

2. Verbs ��������� infinitive without ‘to’ ���� V. 1 ������� ‘to’ Modal Verb can could have to will may got to had better Active Voices might should must ought to *used to **need Passive Voices (be + v. 3) He can drive a car. A car can be driven. He cannot drive a car. A car cannot be driven. She may not eat apple. An apple may not be eaten. I should by this clock. This clock should be bought. He must have passed the exam. The exam must have been passed.

*used to ������ adjective ������ /����������� v. be ��� get ��� to ������ preposition �������� noun / noun phrase / gerund (v. ing ������������ ) Ex. * I used to live in Bangkok. (modal verb) * I’m getting used to living in Bangkok. (adj. ) * I’m used to eating breakfast quite late. (. . ) **I don't think we need ask him. **I need to do some shopping on my way home from work. ** She needs her hair washed. ** This room needs cleaning.

2. 2 The verbs let, make, see, hear, feel, watch and notice are followed by object + infinitive without to. They made me wait. (NOT They made me to wait. ) I saw him slap the child. (NOT I saw him to slap the child. ) I don’t let my children stay up late. Did you hear him say that he was leaving? Help can be followed by an infinitive with or without to. She helped me to unload my car. OR She helped me unload my car. In passive forms with make, see, hear, help and know we use infinitives with to. I was made to wait. (NOT I was made wait. ) He was helped to lift the box.

3. PREPOSITIONS preposition + noun phrase/gerund = a prepositional phrase - เปนแคตวขยายในประโยคเทานน ไมสามารถเปนประธานเปนกรรมได - เจอแลวใหใช (. . . . ) แยกออกจากสวนอนๆของประโยคเลย about above aboard across after against along among around as at beside between beyond before by behind below beneath concerning despite down during except from for in inside into like near of on over opposite outside since to off onto past toward round regarding than through underneath unlike until up besides upon via within without The last time when I saw him, he was walking down the road. I’ll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema. It was difficult to sleep during the flight. It was the worst storm since the 1980 s. Give that to me. That was my first visit to Africa. I slipped as I stepped onto the platform. The sheep were loaded onto trucks.

ahead of apart from as for They were unable to attend because of the bad weather in Ireland. as well as as a result of as regard according to Jack’ll be playing in the team in place of me. because of due to instead of in addition to In addition to getting a large fine, both brothers were put in prison for three months. in respect of in front of in place of except for in regard to inside of in terms of near to on account of outside of in spite of in charge of on top of owing to on behalf of prior to such as thanks to up to with regard to Make sure all revisions are approved by the author prior to publication. We estimate that there’ll be up to 10, 000 people at the concert. The teacher put me in charge of organizing the project.

4. Adjectival Clause (������� ������� ����� ) The man who called last night wouldn’t leave his name. The student whose notes I borrowed was absent today. Our dog, Rusty, whom we all dearly loved, was recently killed on the high way.

4. that The relative pronoun that always introduces restrictive clauses; in other words, that clauses are never set off by commas: You choose a colour that you like. A boy that I knew in junior high called me last week. A lorry that was going too fast for road conditions hit our dog. 5. which My roommate’s financial problems, which he finally told me about, have caused him a lot of stress this semester. 6. where, when, why Newsworthy events rarely happen in the small town where I lived as a child. We will all feel nervous until next Tuesday, when results of the auditions will be posted. I understand the reason why Margo got the lead.

7. THE BROAD-REFERENCE CLAUSE Joe bought a gas guzzler, which surprised me. Tom cleaned up the garage without being asked, which made me suspect that he wanted to borrow the car. 8. PREPOSITION When prepositions are used with relative clauses, they usually come at the end of the clause in spoken English: You may have a neighbor that you rely on. (informal) In formal style the preposition can be placed before the relative pronouns which or whom: I was unsuccessful in obtaining a place at any of the universities to which I applied. My boss, for whom I have worked for over 30 years, has decided to retire.

5. Past Participle (v. 3) & Present Participle (v. ing) - �������������� adjective - Past participle (v. 3) ������� ‘��� ’ ����� - Present Participle (v. ing) - prenoun The barking dogs kept me awake all night. I should replace that broken hinge. The abandoned child cried for three days without stopping.

- postnoun Who is that child throwing stones at our house? Most of the people invited did not even reply. We saw Jim walking up the street. - before main clause Not having an umbrella, I got really wet. Introduced to the president, he could think of nothing to say. - after main clause Moments later a bomb exploded, leaving three people dead and twelve others injured. The musicians stood up, surrounded by thunderous applause.

6. NOMINAL CLAUSE As the Direct Object I suspect that our history exam will be tough. The president recently announced that he will ask Congress for tax cuts for the middle class.

As the Subject That the common cold is caused by a virus has been clearly established by science. Omitted that Any declarative sentence can be turned into a nominal clause in this way. And you’ll discover that sometimes we don’t even need that: I suspect ( ) our history exam will be tough. Derek said ( ) he would be late.

Interrogative Words Many of our nominal clauses are introduced by interrogatives, the same words we use for questions: I wonder why the students are protesting. Who will be at the party remains a mystery. I wonder which brand of yogurt has the least fat. What I had forgotten was that I had a test today.

ADVERBIAL CLUASE Subordinating Conjunctions Reason as that since because in order to in order that seeing that now that so that Time after as as soon as before once till until whenever while Condition if in case provided that unless as long as Place wherever anywhere Contrast whereas while Comparison Concession as although as though even though just as as if even if though [subordinate clause] [main clause] After we had talked on the phone, I wrote down what we had decided. [main clause] [subordinate clause] Everyone enjoyed the fishing trip although no one caught any fish! so Result

������ Adverbial Clause While waiting for the bus, we saw the police arrest a pickpocket at the edge of the crowd. When stripped of its trees, the land becomes inhospitable.

7. Passive Voice

8. Active Voice PRESENT Simple eat, eats (present simple) Continuous (be + present participle) am, is, are eating (present continuous) Perfect (have + past participle ) has, have eaten (present perfect) Perfect continuous (have + been + present participle) has, have been eating (present perfect continuous) PAST (past tense) ate (past simple) was, were eating (past continuous) had eaten (past perfect) had been eating (past perfect progressive) FUTURE (a modal verb: will) will eat (future simple) will be eating (future continuous) will have eaten (future perfect) will have been eating (future perfect continuous)

9. Appositive An appositive is a word or phrase that renames the noun. My uncle, a doctor in California, is moving to New Jersey. My best friend George is from Hawaii. My sister Mary has four dogs. (Restrictive) Sometimes that name is set off by commas: The judge’s husband, Morrie, stays home with the kids. (Nonrestrictive)