6 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 1 World

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 1. World fish catch and fisheries management • • • 2. Table 6. 2 Principal species of fish by-catch stock/recruitment theories Fluctuations in the abundance of fish stocks • • 3. Fig. 6. 9 The Russell cycle in the western English Channel Fig. 6. 10 El Nino and the anchovy fisheries Regulation of recruitment and growth in fish 1. 2. 3. 4. Starvation hypothesis Predation hypothesis Advection hypothesis Growth hypothesis Fishing and the use of ‘near real-time data’ • • • surface temperature and depth of thermocline inshore fixed-depth fisheries migration

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY Introduction • multibillion dollar industry • • • – – • 20% animal protein consumption by human animal feeds for domestic live stock and poultry fish oils for paints and drugs pet foods and some food additives high-quality protein fisheries managements; • not always been successful in maintaining fish yields and conserving stocks Fisheries oceanography – Concerns the search for knowledge about the natural regulation of fish populations and seeks to apply this information to fisheries management.

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY Fisheries oceanography ⇒ biology and ecology of species 1. World fish catch and fisheries management herring, anchovies, sardines, cod, and mackerel • Table 6. 2 Principal species of fish • • Peruvian anchoveta; Alaska pollock; Chilean jack mackerel; (Silver carp); Japanese pilchard; Capelin; South American pilchard; Atlantic herring; Skipjack tuna; (Grass carp) Table 6. 3 Principal fishing nations • China; Peru; Japan; Chile; USA; Russia; Indonesia; Thailand; Korea; Norway; Philippines • • 86 Mt (1989) – 84 Mt (1993) 27 Mt by-catch: unwanted marine species caught incidentally • • the management of world’s fishing industry oceanographic topics

SOFIA? http: //www. fao. org/docrep/011/i 0250 e 00. htm

• the management of world’s fishing industry • • • biological and ecological knowledge economic considerations competition between nations labor unions public marketing strategies (economic and political problems) • oceanographic topics • for comparative abundance of fish species • for fluctuations in fish populations

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 1. World fish catch and fisheries management stock/recruitment theories • • population dynamics of fish stocks ‘stock’ – population numbers of adult fish ‘recruitment’ – the numbers of juvenile fish entering the adult population reproduction; survival; productivity of fish population • • • changes in the physical environment of the fish changes in biological components within the community the recruitment of new fish stock • a function of the numbers of eggs produced • • the size of the adult population and survival subsequent survival of young

• could be controlled by manipulating fishing pressure • regulating the number of boats; the size of nets; the total allowable catch • not been successful in managing fish stock, or making long-term predictions • fundamental questions about fish ecology • plankton ecology • changes in the physical environment

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 2. FLUCTUATION IN THE ABUNDANCE OF FISH STOCKS long-term changes in the oceanic climate • Russell cycle (Fig. 6. 9) • The western English Channel Ø Ø Ø • • • Herring – 1930, warm temperature, decreased nutrients pilchard – 1940, 50 s mackerel – 1960, cool temperature, increased nutrients Sagitta elegans – cool Sagitta setosa – warm A natural cycle caused by climate change The changes in fish species are independent of fishing activity! Peruvian anchovy catch (Fig. 6. 10)

• Peruvian anchovy catch (Fig. 6. 10) • Coastal upwelling; high productivity; short food chain • Seabirds – guano birds • 9 -10 Mt (MSY) : 1 Mt (1958) -> 13 Mt (1970) • collapsed in the 1970 s • the effect of El Niño events

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 2. FLUCTUATION IN THE ABUNDANCE OF FISH STOCKS long-term changes in the oceanic climate • • El Niño - A warm, nutrient-poor surface current that flows over the cold coastal upwelling off the coast of Peru; 1957 -58; 1965; 1972 -73 Environmental changes may significantly affect both the yield of fish and the type of fish present in any area – Overfishing + natural environmental change – The role of the environment cannot be excluded fro fisheries theories – Oceanographic data – new management theories

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 3. REGULATION OF RECRIUITMENT AND GROWTH IN FISH fecundity • fisheries management theories • • ecological understanding of the factors controlling the survival and recruitment of larval and juvenile fish into adult stocks; growth rates – size and survival Hypotheses to explain fluctuations in adult abundance due to differences in the recruitment and growth of young fish ① starvation hypothesis (Fig. 6. 12) ② predation hypothesis (Fig. 6. 13) ③ advection hypothesis (Fig. 6. 14) ④ growth hypothesis (Fig. 6. 11) + fish disease

수산해양학의 역사 Hjort was a dominant force in fisheries science and management for more than three decades. His observations on fluctuations in fish stock abundances and hypotheses on causes have been enduring. They have guided much of the research on recruitment variability for decades. Hjort (1914, 1926) • Failure by larvae to find sufficient or adequate prey at time of first feeding leads to year-class failure. • Aberrant drift by eggs and larvae away from nursery grounds leads to year-class failure 강수경 (2010)

① starvation hypothesis (Fig. 6. 12) critical phase: match and mismatch planktonic food ② predation hypothesis (Fig. 6. 13) grow fast enough ③ advection hypothesis (Fig. 6. 14) currents system ④ growth hypothesis (Fig. 6. 11) • • parameters affecting the rate of growth and the length (size) at maturity temperature; growth efficiency (the type of food consumed)

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 4. FISHING AND THE USE OF NEAR REALTIME OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA • • where to find the main concentrations of fish? Too successful -> depletion SST & depth of thermocline Fish schools • • Location of particular types of fish • • • Feeding; reproduction; migration Temperature Inshore fixed-depth fisheries (Fig. 6. 15) The migration routes (Fig. 6. 16): diversion (%)

6. 7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 4. FISHING AND THE USE OF NEAR REAL-TIME OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA • Inshore fixed-depth fisheries (Fig. 6. 15) • The migration routes (Fig. 6. 16): diversion (%) • • Fraser River sockeye salmon 1955 -77; the Strait of Juan de Fuca 1978 -83; north of Vancouver Island temperature and salinity of coastal water (fresh water inflow)

정어리와 멸치의 변동 Synchrony vs Alternation

수산해양학의 역사 Hjort was a dominant force in fisheries science and management for more than three decades. His observations on fluctuations in fish stock abundances and hypotheses on causes have been enduring. They have guided much of the research on recruitment variability for decades. Hjort (1914, 1926) • Failure by larvae to find sufficient or adequate prey at time of first feeding leads to year-class failure. • Aberrant drift by eggs and larvae away from nursery grounds leads to year-class failure 강수경 (2010)

Critical Period Hypothesis 강수경 (2010)

Match-mismatch Hypothesis From Houde 2002 강수경 (2010)

6. 8 MARICULTURE growing marine species in enclosures or impoundments mariculture - the cultivation of marine species • seaweeds. crustaceans, mollusks, fish • the transplantation of wild stocks into new areas • the trapping of a wild population in enclosures (without artificial food until harvesting) • intensive culture – feed, fertilizers, control environment, - predators, disease

• economical species: – lower trophic levels; feed on naturally available food – can produce high biomass in crowded conditions – example: mussel • higher trophic levels – artificial feed (cultivated or captured prey); larger, mobile, more space; – high costs, higher market value – example: salmon

6. 8 MARICULTURE

6. 8 MARICULTURE • ocean ranching – rear salmon eggs in hatcheries and then release the young salmon into the sea • monoculture and polyculture – uneaten food and fecal material – anoxic • • increasing demands for more protein for human consumption luxury foods

• • the selection of suitable sites disease control economic balance coastal pollution

5. Aquaculture and Ranching 1. Introduction a. Scale; b. General types of aquaculture 2. The biological basis for aquaculture a. Diet; b. Environmental conditions; c. Reproductive losses; d. Predation and disease 3. Aquaculture of fish a. Carp culture; b. Trout and salmon (rainbow trout, salmon); c. Tilapia; d. Other fish (catfish, eels, grey mullet, sea bass) 4. Aquaculture of invertebrates a. Shrimps and prawns; b. Oysters and mussels; c. Other shellfish (crayfish, crabs, clams, scallops, abalones) 5. 6. Aquaculture of plants and algae Polyculture (integrated culture, multiple trophic+) a. Ducks, terrestrial animals and fish; b. Rice fields; c. Salmon and mussels 7. Ranching a. Stocking in fresh waters; b. Marine stocking; c. Regulation 8. Interactions between aquaculture and the environment a. Modifications to the environment; b. Waste products; c. Interactions with wildlife; d. Use of resources 9. Summary

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 1. Introduction All forms of culture of aquatic animals and plants in waters 유용 수산생물을 길러서 수확하는 일; 수중농업 증식: 자원 관리 (자원의 조성) 양식의 목적: 인류의 식량생산, 자원 증강 방류용 또는 이식용 종묘생산, 유어장용 어류생산, 미끼용, 관상용, 유기폐물 재생 또는 정화, 산업 또는 수산 제품 원료 생산 a. b. • • • Scale Long history (Fig. 5. 1) Small scale enterprise Massive investment; a dramatic growth (Fig. 5. 2) Risky business Manipulation of food supply; control of environmental conditions to promote growth; disese/predator controls Species cultured and culture method used General types of aquaculture

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 1. Introduction All forms of culture of aquatic animals and plants in waters a. Scale b. General types of aquaculture • Intensive system (집약, 선진국) vs extensive system (조방, 개도국) Open vs closed • – • Ranching (바다목장, 방목형) – • • Recirculating (폐쇄 순환식) To raise in confinement during the naturally high mortality early life stages Fed vs extractive Monoculture vs polyculture (integrated culture)

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 2. The biological basis for aquaculture High food to productive growth ratio; poikilothermic (energy) 3 -D high production per unit area Increase somatic growth & reducing losses due to predation and disease a. Diet (먹이공급) • • b. Method of feeding: filter feeders, grazers, higher trophic level Food conversion efficiencies: wet wt gain/dry wt food intake Environmental conditions (양식장 환경 조건) • • c. Extensive and open: appropriate condition Closed – direct manipulation Reproductive losses • • • d. Harvesting prior to the onset of reproduction Manipulating reproduction cycle Caviar (sturgeon) Predation and disease (식해와 병) • • • Natural predators – antipredator devices Health – disease control + 공식 (cannibalism)

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 3. Aquaculture of fish a. Carp culture – longest recorded history • • b. Common carp; Chinese carp; Indian carp: combination of sp. Pond, cage, waterway Polyculture anoxia Trout and salmon (rainbow trout, salmon) • • • c. Restock or enhance native populations; Recreational angling The availability of suitable sites – high water quqlity Rainbow trout, salmon Tilapia • d. Difficult taxonomy; >22 species Other fish • • Catfish – channel catfish Eels: life cycle (migration), leptocephalus larvae, elvers Grey mullet: polyculture with carp, eels, milk fish, tilapia+carp Sea bass

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 4. Aquaculture of invertebrates a. Shrimps and prawns • • b. Rice filed, pond Hatchery techniques (wild caught seed-stock domination) Removal of the juveniles for aquaculture Intensive: aeration, fertilization, feeding Oysters and mussels • • • Low cost, economically efficient system Pollution Oyster: http: //www. nfrda. re. kr/korea/tech/culture 02. htm – – • Mussel – c. salinity, temperature, water quality, food supply, predator Bottom culture; off-bottom culture Stick culture; rack culture; suspended culture Spawning: temp control Starfish, birds, gastropods Other shellfish Crayfish; Crabs; Clams; Scallops; abalones

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 5. Aquaculture of plants and algae Water cress, water spinach, water chestnut Rice Seaweeds Human consumption, fodder Agar, alginates, carrageenan, mannitol and iodine 홍조류: 김 (nori) 큰 갈조류: (다시마, 미역) 녹조류: 파래, 홑파래

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 7. Ranching • • a. b. c. Raising stock under controlled conditions and then releasing them High natural mortality period in benign conditions For traditional capture fisheries and for recreational angling Reduce the costs of ‘full culture’ • • Stocking in fresh waters Reservoir Stocking with economically valuable species Strong homing behavior of anadromous species Marine stocking Rare due to the scale and the mobility of the fauna Regulation Fishing on the released stock Ownership of the lake’s fishing rights Micro-tags The concept of ownership of fish in ‘common property waters’

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 7. Ranching • • a. b. c. Raising stock under controlled conditions and then releasing them High natural mortality period in benign conditions For traditional capture fisheries and for recreational angling Reduce the costs of ‘full culture’ Stocking in fresh waters Marine stocking Regulation Box 5. 3 The environmental impacts of caged salmon farming – – – water movement; water quality; sedimentation and benthic enrichment; introduction of exotic species; genetic effects; release of toxic chemicals; effects on populations of natural predators

5. Aquaculture an Ranching 8. Interactions between aquaculture and the environment a. Modifications to the environment • • b. Removal of natural habitat → aquaculture facilities Flow regime; hydrography; sedimentation regime Waste products • • c. Metabolic wastes Chemicals; pesticides Excess food and organic waste products → eutrophication Synthetic coloring agents Interactions with wildlife • • • d. Natural predators Pathogens and parasites Escapees – wild stocks (genetic health) Use of resources • • • Energy & foodstuffs Fish meal Artificial food

Polyculture • Mussel • Salmon

The Agro-Aqua recycling of nutrients 1/3 of total harvest consists of small and crushed mussels. Can be used for fodder or as fertilzer.

Mussel meal instead of fish meal Mussel fodder Ordinary fodder

Do the environment and yourself a favour – Eat more mussels!

Submersible cage: Ocean Spar Sea Station 외해수중양식

UNH Offshore Installation NH Mainland - 10 km Europe 5, 000 km Isles of Shoals - 2 km north

Acoustic Tracking • Continuous recording • Up to 16 fish at a time • Wireless comm with CPU in feed buoy • Continuous environmental monitoring • current meter • temperature recorders • UW video

Major factors determining the ecology of seamounts Pitcher (2008): Modified from Pitcher & Bulman (2007)

Major factors determining the ecology of seamounts Pitcher (2008): Modified from Pitcher & Bulman (2007)