5102016 Chapter 2 Trial by Fire Canada Enters

5/10/2016

• Chapter 2: • Trial by Fire: Canada Enters World War One

Summary § This chapter explores Canada’s participation in the First World War and how its participation influenced Canadian identity. § The chapter looks at the causes of the war and allows you to explore the concepts of imperialism and nationalism, which also influenced Canadian society in the early 1900 s. § You will examine Canadians’ responses to the war and how they reflected societal attitudes and internal conflicts. § You will also explore how the government supported the war effort and what impact this had on the lives of Canadians.

Classwork • Examine the quotation on page 28. What does this document say about the attitude of people in Canada toward Britain at this time? • How does the quotation on page 29 demonstrate a growing feeling of Canadian identity among Canadian troops?

Continued… • Canada’s Minister of Militia, Colonel Sam Hughes, had to mobilize a Canadian army from a small standing (regular, professional) army & a much larger militia (part-time, volunteer army) • �Sam Hughes equipped Canada’s soldiers with the Canadianmade Ross rifle, which was unsuitable for trench warfare (overheated & jammed up with mud) • �Hughes asked for 25, 000 volunteers; he got 30, 000 • �A training camp was set up at Valcartier, just outside of Quebec City

Colonel Sam Hughes, Minister of Militia, 1911 -1916.

Valcartier Training Camp, Quebec.

• �The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) of 30, 000 volunteer soldiers sailed for Britain in October 1914 • �Newfoundland was not yet part of Canada, but sent the Newfoundland Regiment, later the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, many of whom died in 1916 Battle of the Somme • �Many Native (Indian, Métis, Inuit) soldiers also fought, although Sam Hughes did not want them • �Canada’s army received 100, 000 volunteers in a few months

Deciding how to finance war • Pg. 30

War Measures Act • The War Measures Act was a law passed 22 August 1914 by Parliament which allowed the federal government to suspend civil liberties & bypass Parliament to do things they felt were needed • �The point of the act was to help support the war effort & soldiers in war as much as possible • �If you were a farmer, the government could force you to grow wheat for soldiers, or companies to solely make products like weapons to ship to the soldiers • �It also allowed the government to put newly arrived immigrants in internment camps if they came from a country Canada was now at war with • �The significance of this event to Canada is that it changed the lives of Canadian people both during & after the war

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 AOOlxb ZN 3 E • Schlieffen Plan and the First Battle of the Marne | The 20 th century | World history | Khan Academy

The War on Land • The Schlieffen Plan • �The German plan to attack France through neutral Belgium, around Paris, taking France in 6 weeks, avoiding fortifications on the French line of defence (the Maginot Line – on the French-German border) • �Then Germany would attack Russia (thus avoiding a war on 2 fronts, i. e. on both the western & eastern borders of Germany) • �Britain had a treaty obligation to protect Belgium (in place since the 1830 s) but Germany did not believe Britain would honour it – Germany was wrong

Why the Schlieffen Plan Failed • �Belgium resisted Germany for 2 weeks (Germany thought this would only take 2 days) • �British & French troops had time to meet the German advance as a result • �The German advance was halted on the Marne River • �Both sides “dug in” extensive trench systems protected by artillery & machine guns • �The war became a war of attrition, or wearing down of the enemy, & trench warfare

The Schlieffen Plan �Designed to prevent a war on 2 fronts �Take France in 6 weeks, by surprise by going through neutral Belgium �Once France falls, move troops east to fight Russia

The Allies Advance: September 1914

Worksheet due on October th 6