50 Years of Physics at the Weizmann Institute

50 Years of Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science Observing the Universe by Going Underground ZOOMING OUT by ZOOMING IN HAIM HARARI May 12 th, 2004

“ZOOMING IN” Matter 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1954 1950 1960 1970 1980 2004 1990 2000 2010 Chemical Elements ~100 Atoms ~100

Atoms 300 K yr 1013 sec 102 sec 3 min 1 sec 10 -6 sec 10 -11 sec 10 -25 sec 10 -43 sec OU T” 1016 sec ~100 M yr OM ING Life Stars Galaxies 1017 sec “ZO NOW 13. 7 G yr

“ZOOMING IN” Into the ATOM Matter 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1954 1950 1960 1970 1980 2004 1990 2000 2010 Chemical Elements ~100 Atoms ~100 Nucleus ~100

Radioactive b-Decay e- A 1 A 2 + e -

“ZOOMING IN” Into the ATOM Matter 1890 1900 1910 1920 Chemical Elements ~100 Atoms ~100 Nucleus e ~100 1930 1940 1954 1950 1960 1970 1980 2004 1990 2000 2010 Systematics: “Periodic Table” Mendeleyev Collisions and Interactions Chemistry “Smashing” Experiments Rutherford

Radioactive b-Decay e- e- ee- N 1 N 2 + e -

Radioactive b-Decay n e- e- ee- N 1 N 2 + e - + n

“ZOOMING IN” Into the NUCLEUS Matter 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1954 1950 1960 1970 1980 2004 1990 2000 2010 Chemical Elements ~100 Atoms ~100 e Nucleus p, n ~100 n ~4

Radioactive b-Decay n e- e- ee- p p n n p + e- + n n n e-

Atoms Heavy Nuclei 300 K yr 1013 sec 102 sec 3 min 1 sec Light Nuclei 10 -6 sec 10 -11 sec 10 -25 sec 10 -43 sec OU T” 1016 sec ~100 M yr OM ING Life Stars Galaxies 1017 sec “ZO NOW 13. 7 G yr

Only b-decay Can Convert n p Nuclear Reactions: The Dream of the Alchemists Mass Converted to Energy of the Sun Creation of Heavy Elements Antiparticles p n e n n THE BIG BANG Equal Numbers of Particles and Antiparticles? Why p and e Have Equal and Opposite Charge?

“ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1954 1950 1960 1970 1980 2004 1990 2000 2010 Chemical Elements ~100 Atoms ~100 e Nucleus p, n p, K, … Hadrons ~100 Antiparticles n m ~4 ~100

+1 + 2 3 + 1 3 0 ne 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 e - m- - 1 Electric Charge +1

Baryons Electric Charge +2 p +1 n 0 -1 -2 “Strangeness” -3

Baryons Mesons p +1 Electric Charge +2 n 0 -1 -2 “Strangeness” -3 +1 0 K p K p K -1 -1 0 +1 “Strangeness”

Baryons Mesons p +1 Electric Charge +2 n 0 -1 -2 -3 “Strangeness” u _ 1 3 d 0 0 p K p K -1 -1 0 +1 “Strangeness” Quarks 2 + 3 +1 K s -1

Baryons uuu p +1 uud uus n 0 -1 udd uds uss ddd dds dss sss 0 -1 -2 -3 “Strangeness” u _ 1 3 d 0 +1 0 K p K p K -1 -1 0 +1 “Strangeness” Quarks 2 + 3 Electric Charge +2 Mesons s -1

Baryons uuu p +1 uud uus n 0 -1 udd uds uss ddd dds dss sss 0 -1 -2 Electric Charge +2 Mesons +1 0 -3 _ 1 3 d 0 K p K -1 0 +1 “Strangeness” Quarks u p -1 “Strangeness” 2 + 3 K Anti-Quarks 1 +3 s -1 s _ 2 3 d u +1 0

Baryons uuu p +1 uud uus n 0 -1 udd uds uss ddd dds dss sss 0 -1 -2 Electric Charge +2 Mesons +1 0 -3 _ 1 3 d 0 uu p dd ss K ds K sd p K du su -1 0 +1 “Strangeness” Quarks u us -1 “Strangeness” 2 + 3 p ud K Anti-Quarks 1 +3 s -1 s _ 2 3 d u +1 0

“ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1954 1950 1960 1970 1980 2004 1990 2000 2010 Chemical Elements ~100 Atoms ~100 e Nucleus p, n p, K, … Hadrons Quarks ~100 Antiparticles n m nm ~4 ~100 ~7

Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u + 2 3 + 1 3 ne 0 d s e - m- - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u + 2 3 + 1 3 ne nm 0 d s e - m- - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

Baryon-Mesons Collisions Time B 1 M 1 B* B 2 M 2

Baryon-Mesons Collisions Time B 1 B* B 2 M* M 1 M 2

Baryon-Mesons Collisions Time B 1 B* B 2 M* M 1 M 2 M 1 B 2 M 1 M 2 Duality Diagram M 2

Baryon-Mesons Collisions Time B 1 B 2 B* M* M 1 M 2 M 1 B 2 B* M 1 M 2 Duality Diagram M 2

Baryon-Mesons Collisions Time B 1 B* B 2 M* M 1 M 2 M 1 B 2 M* M 1 M 2 Duality Diagram M 2

Baryon-Mesons Collisions Time B 1 B* B 2 M* M 1 M 2 M 1 B 1 M 2 B* M* M 1 M 2 Duality Diagram Meson Is a “String” Can Split Into Two

Deep Inelastic Scattering e e P Hadrons All Hadrons Made of Quarks Free Quarks Do Not Exist Only at Very Short Distance They Can Be Detected Early Universe - Soup of Quarks and Antiquarks

Stanford Linear Accelerator

Radioactive b-Decay n e- e- ee- p n n e- n p n d d u + e- + n e-

“ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1954 1950 1960 1970 1980 2004 1990 2000 2010 Chemical Elements ~100 Atoms ~100 e Nucleus p, n p, K, … Hadrons Quarks ~100 Antiparticles n m nm ~4 ~100 ~7 Systematics: “Periodic Table” Eightfold Way Collisions and Interactions Duality+Quark Counting “Smashing” Experiments Deep Inelstic

Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u c + 2 3 + 1 3 ne nm 0 d s e - m- - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u c t + 2 3 + 1 3 ne nm nt 0 d s b e - m- t - - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

“ZOOMING IN” Into the QUARK & LEPTON Matter 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1954 1950 1960 1970 1980 2004 1990 2000 2010 Chemical Elements ~100 Atoms ~100 e Nucleus p, n p, K, … ~100 Antiparticles n m ~4 Hadrons Quarks c b nm t ~100 ~7 t nt ~ 20

Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u c t + 2 3 + 1 3 ne nm nt 0 d s b e - m- t - - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

Three Generations of Quarks & Leptons Quark Mixing Heavy Quarks decay fast Heavy Quarks are Short-Lived 6 Quarks Masses 3 Mixing Parameters Do Heavy Quarks Matter? Violation of Symmetry between Particle and Antiparticle?

CERN OPAL

1016 sec ~100 M yr Atoms 300 K yr Heavy Nuclei 1013 sec 102 sec 3 min 1 sec Light Nuclei 10 -6 sec Protons & Neutrons “Quark Soup” Particle Masses Generated 10 -11 sec 10 -25 sec 10 -43 sec OM ING Life Stars Galaxies “ZO NOW 1017 sec OU T” 13. 7 G yr

is n Massless ? Is n Different from Are ne, n ? nm, nt Really Different ? Nuclear Reactions Solar Neutrinos Cosmic Ray Neutrinos Supernova Neutrinos n - ASTRONOMY Conclusions: Neutrinos Have Masses They Are Extremely Light Masses of ne, nm, nt Are Different ne, nm, nt Mix

Kamiokande Japan

Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u c t + 2 3 + 1 3 ne nm nt 0 d s b e - m- t - - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u c t 4 M 1. 3 G 170 G + 2 3 + 1 3 n n 8 mm 30 m nt <8 m e 0 d s b 7 M 150 M e - m- t - 500 K 100 M 1. 8 G 5 G - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u c t + 2 3 + 1 3 ne nm nt 0 d s b e - m- t - - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

Leptons & Quarks Leptons Quarks + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 +1 u c t + 2 3 + 1 3 ne nm nt 0 d s b e - m- t - - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge +1

e + m+ t + Electric Charge +1 + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Antiparticles u c t ne nm nt d s b e - m- t - d s b ne nm nt u c t +1 + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge Leptons & Quarks

e + m+ t + Electric Charge +1 + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Antiparticles u c t ne nm nt d s b e - m- t - d s b ne nm nt u c t +1 + 2 3 + 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 3 - 1 Electric Charge Leptons & Quarks

OPEN QUESTIONS 20 Building Blocks? 20 Arbitrary Parameters? Origin of Masses? Why Three Generation? Do the 2 nd and 3 rd Generation Make a Difference? Why only -1 , - 2 3 1 , - 3, 0 , 1 +3 , 2 + 3 , +1 ? Quarks – Lepton relation? Why Are We Here (“Baryogenesis”)? What Is the Dark Matter? What Is the Dark Energy? Connection to Gravity?

Options Grand Unified Theories (GUT) Supersymmetry (SUSY) Sub-particles (“Rishons”? ) STRING THEORY A New Ingenious Theoretical Framework

1016 sec ~100 M yr 300 K yr Atoms 1013 sec 102 sec 3 min Heavy Nuclei 1 sec Light Nuclei 10 -6 sec Protons & Neutrons “Quark Soup” Particle Masses Generated Inflation Gravity Connection BIG BANG OM ING Life Stars Galaxies “ZO NOW 1017 sec OU T” 13. 7 G yr 10 -11 sec 10 -25 sec 10 -43 sec Grand Unification ? Baryogenesis ? Subparticles ? Strings ?

50 HAPPY BIRTHDAY WEIZMANN-PHYSICS