41 st GasLift Workshop Houston Texas USA June

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41 st Gas-Lift Workshop Houston, Texas, USA June 3 - 7, 2019 High Pressure

41 st Gas-Lift Workshop Houston, Texas, USA June 3 - 7, 2019 High Pressure Gas Lift (HPGL) “The Rest of the Story” Jim Hacksma June 3 - 7, 2019 ►Consultant 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 1

HPGL O/G/W Production (up tubing or annulus) Gas Injection (down annulus or tubing) q.

HPGL O/G/W Production (up tubing or annulus) Gas Injection (down annulus or tubing) q. Tubing hanging free Ø No packer ►No Valves q. Higher rates Ø Inject down tubing ►Lift Annulus q. Lower rates Ø Inject down annulus ►Lift tubing q. Unconventional ►Simple►Effective 2

Use of HPGL q. Reportedly, HPGL being used in 100+ wells Ø Texas: ►Permian

Use of HPGL q. Reportedly, HPGL being used in 100+ wells Ø Texas: ►Permian ►Eagle Ford ►Austin Chalk Ø Oklahoma: SCOOP & STACK plays Ø Others? q. Reportedly, ± 12 operators are using HPGL Ø Few are talking about it Ø Protecting competitive advantage Ø Only one has published their findings June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 3

New Learnings About HPGL q. Thus far, it has been used only at high

New Learnings About HPGL q. Thus far, it has been used only at high rates Ø As a replacement for ESPs Ø But, HPGL can also be used at low rates Ø In fact, HPGL can be used at any & all rates Ø Thus, HPGL can be used for entire life of well q. HPGL is not always high pressure Ø In fact, injection pressure will be below 1000 psi for much of well life Ø Injection pressure can be as low as 250 psi June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 4

High Pressure Gas Lift (HPGL) Totally Unlike Conventional Gas Lift (C-GL) June 3 -

High Pressure Gas Lift (HPGL) Totally Unlike Conventional Gas Lift (C-GL) June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 5

Performance Curves for HPGL What kind of performance can you expect from such a

Performance Curves for HPGL What kind of performance can you expect from such a simple system June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 6

Performance Curves for HPGL Assumed conditions q. Depth = 10, 000’ q. FTP =

Performance Curves for HPGL Assumed conditions q. Depth = 10, 000’ q. FTP = 50 psig q. Gas gravity = 0. 65 q 100% water Ø No oil or gas production q. Tubing = 2⅜” ►Casing = 5½” 20#/ft q. Flow models = Ansari & Gray (modified) June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 7

FBHP Tubing q Data for lift up annulus q Data for lift up tubing

FBHP Tubing q Data for lift up annulus q Data for lift up tubing q An arbitrary switch point chosen Lift tubing at lower rates 1, 000 Switch Overall, FBHPs are lower than expected? Arbitrary? FBHP (psig) 10, 000 Annulus Lift annulus at higher rates Tubing Annulus 100 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 8

Total Gas (injection + production) Tubing “Total” Gas (mcfd) 10, 000 Annulus Switch q

Total Gas (injection + production) Tubing “Total” Gas (mcfd) 10, 000 Annulus Switch q When producing 100% water, all gas is injected gas q When producing some oil, the injection rate is reduced by amount of associated gas production Max = 5000 1, 000 Min = 300 Tubing Annulus 100 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 9

Injection Pressure (IP) Tubing Injection Pressure (psig) 10, 000 Annulus C-GL = Conventional GL

Injection Pressure (IP) Tubing Injection Pressure (psig) 10, 000 Annulus C-GL = Conventional GL Switch With HPGL, IP can be both very high & very low High = 3500 HPGL is largely a low pressure method q C-GL has no highs & lows q Always ± 1000 psi q A disadvantage for C-GL? 1, 000 Low = 250 1000# Tubing Annulus 100 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 10

Flowing Gradient (psi/ft) Tubing Flowing Gradient (psi/ft) 1. 00 Annulus Switch Overall, gradients are

Flowing Gradient (psi/ft) Tubing Flowing Gradient (psi/ft) 1. 00 Annulus Switch Overall, gradients are lower than expected? Max = 0. 4 0. 10 Min = 0. 025 0. 1 psi/ft Tubing Annulus 0. 01 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 11

Comparisons to ESP, C-GL & SRP Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 Annulus Switch In

Comparisons to ESP, C-GL & SRP Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 Annulus Switch In unconventionals, some use a series of AL methods 1, 000 SRP C-GL up 2⅞” ESP 100 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 12

Comparison to ESP Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q q Annulus Switch Early

Comparison to ESP Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q q Annulus Switch Early tests show HPGL roughly comparable to ESP Rates of 5000 BPD, and more, are possible HP compressor is required ESP may produce more, but not much more ESP may produce more, but not for long Plus, HPGL has many other advantages over ESP 1, 000 SRP C-GL up 2⅞” ESP 100 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 13

Comparison to C-GL (conventional GL) Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q q Annulus

Comparison to C-GL (conventional GL) Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q q Annulus Switch HPGL has the clear advantage Can lift up 2⅜” x 5½” annulus (Instead of 2⅞” with C-GL) Higher rates & lower FBHPs At appropriate time, switch lift to tubing Easy switch ►No packer ►No valves 1, 000 SRP C-GL up 2⅞” ESP 100 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 14

Comparison to SRP Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q q Annulus Switch FBHPs

Comparison to SRP Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q q Annulus Switch FBHPs as low as 300 -500 psi with HPGL Can SRP really do significantly better? Replace HPGL with SRP? ►NO Costly ►Too little uplift►No payout Better way ►Continue with HPGL 1, 000 SRP C-GL up 2⅞” ESP 100 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 15

Comparison to SRP (cont’d) Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q Annulus Switch FBHPs

Comparison to SRP (cont’d) Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q Annulus Switch FBHPs as low as 300 -500 psi with HPGL Add a plunger? ►Plunger assisted GL? Reduce FBHP even further? Makes HPGL even more competitive with SRP ►Continue with HPGL 1, 000 SRP C-GL up 2⅞” ESP 100 10 100 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 16

Comparisons to ESP, C-GL & SRP Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 Annulus Switch q

Comparisons to ESP, C-GL & SRP Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 Annulus Switch q q Why use ESP, C-GL & SRP? Instead, use only HPGL Use HPGL for entire well life Never pull, kill, or unload well again ►No need for valves q HPGL is better 1, 000 XXX X SRP 100 10 X C-GL up 2⅞” 100 ESP 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 17

$$$ Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q q Annulus Switch HPGL saves $$$

$$$ Tubing FBHP (psig) 10, 000 q q q Annulus Switch HPGL saves $$$ ►CAPEX & OPEX Compare to combined cost of ESP + C-GL + SRP HPGL is so cheap, you can’t afford to reject it Need to give HPGL a try Even if you have doubts about HPGL 1, 000 XXX X SRP 100 10 X C-GL up 2⅞” 100 ESP 1, 000 BLPD 10, 000 18

Caution q. The pressures shown here (FBHP & injection pressure) are flowing pressures Ø

Caution q. The pressures shown here (FBHP & injection pressure) are flowing pressures Ø They are steady-state pressures Ø They are the lowest pressures you can expect q. You may experience higher pressures Ø During unloading Ø They are transient pressures Ø While working down to lower flowing FBHPs June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 19

HPGL; Why Now? q. HPGL has been possible virtually for ever Ø HPGL uses

HPGL; Why Now? q. HPGL has been possible virtually for ever Ø HPGL uses nothing new Ø Downhole ►Only tubing hanging free Ø Surface ►Only compressors Ø There is nothing to be developed q. Higher pressure compressors? Ø They don’t make HPGL possible Ø But, they certainly expand the range of HPGL Ø They permit higher producing rates June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 20

Very Attractive Performance q. HPGL can lift several 1000 BPD Ø With FBHPs that

Very Attractive Performance q. HPGL can lift several 1000 BPD Ø With FBHPs that are comparable to ESP q. At 10 BPD, HPGL can achieve; Ø FBHP as low as 310 psi Ø Injection pressure as low as 250 psi Ø Flowing gradient as low as 0. 025 psi/ft 10, 000 ft 2⅜” x 5½” FTP = 50 psi q. Even at 1800 BPD; Ø Injection pressure as low 1000 psi Ø Flowing gradient as low 0. 10 psi/ft June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 21

Other Notes q. Curves can be created for differing conditions Ø Depth ►Tubing &

Other Notes q. Curves can be created for differing conditions Ø Depth ►Tubing & casing size q. Never heard of HPGL? ►FTP ►Etc. ►Not surprising Ø No service company will promote HPGL Ø No profit potential Ø Everything has been removed Ø Gas lift vendors certainly won’t tell you about HPGL q. Only the operators will benefit from this new artificial lift method June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 22

The Developers of HPGL q. We are retired production engineers q. The developers of

The Developers of HPGL q. We are retired production engineers q. The developers of HPGL are; Ø Jim Hacksma ►Kerr-Mc. Gee Ø Bill Elmer ►EOG Ø Larry Harms ►Conoco. Phillips q. Each offers consulting services regarding HPGL Ø Each has a slightly different message Ø Each brings a different perspective to the table Ø Together, you get a revolutionary AL method June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 23

Acknowledgements q. Branden Pronk►SM Energy Ø Early adopter of HPGL in Permian Ø SM

Acknowledgements q. Branden Pronk►SM Energy Ø Early adopter of HPGL in Permian Ø SM Energy allowed their test results to be published ü See SPE 195180 -MS ü “Single Point High Pressure Gas Lift Replaces ESP in Permian Basin Pilot” ü Presented at SPE Oklahoma City Oil & Gas Symposium ü 9 -10 April 2019 q. Will Nelle ►Estis Compression Ø Responded to need for HP compressors June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 24

Questions? q. Jim Hacksma q. Consulting Petroleum Engineer q. Specialty – High Pressure Gas

Questions? q. Jim Hacksma q. Consulting Petroleum Engineer q. Specialty – High Pressure Gas Lift q 832 -559 -7332 office q 281 -415 -4715 cell q. Houston, TX q. Jim. Hacksma@comcast. net June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 25

Copyright Rights to this presentation are owned by the company(ies) and/or author(s) listed on

Copyright Rights to this presentation are owned by the company(ies) and/or author(s) listed on the title page. By submitting this presentation to the Gas-Lift Workshop, they grant to the Workshop, the Artificial Lift Research and Development Council (ALRDC), and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), rights to: Ø Display the presentation at the Workshop. Ø Place it on the www. alrdc. com web site, with access to the site to be as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee. Ø Place it on a CD for distribution and/or sale as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee. Other uses of this presentation are prohibited without the expressed written permission of the company(ies) and/or author(s) who own it and the Workshop Steering Committee. June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 26

Disclaimer The following disclaimer shall be included as the last page of a Technical

Disclaimer The following disclaimer shall be included as the last page of a Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Course. A similar disclaimer is included on the front page of the Gas-Lift Workshop Web Site. The Artificial Lift Research and Development Council and its officers and trustees, and the Gas-Lift Workshop Steering Committee members, and their supporting organizations and companies (here-in-after referred to as the Sponsoring Organizations), and the author(s) of this Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Training Course and their company(ies), provide this presentation and/or training material at the Gas-Lift Workshop "as is" without any warranty of any kind, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the information or the products or services referred to by any presenter (in so far as such warranties may be excluded under any relevant law) and these members and their companies will not be liable for unlawful actions and any losses or damage that may result from use of any presentation as a consequence of any inaccuracies in, or any omission from, the information which therein may be contained. The views, opinions, and conclusions expressed in these presentations and/or training materials are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Sponsoring Organizations. The author is solely responsible for the content of the materials. The Sponsoring Organizations cannot and do not warrant the accuracy of these documents beyond the source documents, although we do make every attempt to work from authoritative sources. The Sponsoring Organizations provide these presentations and/or training materials as a service. The Sponsoring Organizations make no representations or warranties, express or implied, with respect to the presentations and/or training materials, or any part thereof, including any warrantees of title, non-infringement of copyright or patent rights of others, merchantability, or fitness or suitability for any purpose. June 3 - 7, 2019 Gas-Lift Workshop 27