4 Ways Basic Discrete Emotions Model Emotions are

� 4 Ways �√ Basic (Discrete) Emotions Model: Emotions are universally distinct categories �√ Component Process Theory: combination of simple, cognitive appraisals � Dimensional Models: Emotions can be explained by continuous dimensions (or factors) � Prototype Approach

� Criticisms of Basic Emotions Perspective � 4 components do not always form a different pattern for each emotion �Does not account for cultural influences �# of basic emotions varies � Emphases �How do emotions relate to each other? �To explore this question, select 1 of 4 components �Typically, use self-reports of subjective feelings states

� Russell & Barrett (1999) � Watson & Tellegen (1985) � Cacioppo & Bernston’s (1994) Evaluative Space Model (ESM)

� To understand relationship between emotions �Need to identify underlying dimensions of emotions � Self-Report Ratings �How similar are these emotion words? �How strong is your experience of these emotions? � Arrange similar answers together around a circle – Circumplex Models

� Valence: Pleasantness vs. Unpleasantness � Activation: � Mixed High Arousal vs. Low Arousal Emotions �Can people feel two emotions at the same time? �Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? � Dimension �Bipolar: opposing adjectives at each pole �Unipolar: same adjectives at each pole

ACTIVATION PLEASANT UNPLEASANT DEACTIVATION

Valence : High or Low? Activation: High or Low? • CONTENT • JOY • ANGRY • FEAR • SAD • EXCITED • SLEEPY

(Russell & Barrett, 1999)

� The underlying dimensions of emotions are: �VALENCE – How pleasant or unpleasant is the emotion? �ACTIVATION– How arousing is the emotion? � Any emotion is a combo of valence and activation! � Valence and Arousal are dependent, bipolar structures �measured by opposing adjectives at each pole �Someone cannot be high in Pleasantness and high in Unpleasantness

Valence is a bipolar dimension NEUTRAL IS HERE!

Arousal is a bipolar dimension NEUTRAL IS HERE!

MIXED EMOTIONS are similar!

MIXED EMOTIONS: Positive and negative emotion?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Interested Excited Strong Enthusiastic Proud Alert Determines Attentive Active 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Distressed Upset Guilty Scared Hostile Irritable Ashamed Nervous Jittery Afraid

� Pleasantness: happy vs. sadness � Engagement: arousal vs. still � Positive Affect: excited vs. sluggish � Negative Affect: distressed vs. relaxed

HIGH NEGATIVE AFFECT HIGH POSITIVE AFFECT LOW NEGATIVE AFFECT

(Watson & Tellegen, 1985)

� Pleasantness = valence �Moderately pleasant emotions �happy vs. sad � Engagement �Moderately = activation, arousal arousing emotions �aroused vs. still

� Negative Affect: feeling unpleasant and highly activated �extent to which an individual is currently upset or distressed. �distressed vs. relaxed � Positive Affect: feeling pleasant and highly activated �one’s current level of pleasure and enthusiasm �excited vs. sluggish

� The underlying dimensions of emotions are: �POSITIVE AFFECT– How arousing is this positive emotion? �NEGATIVE AFFECT– How arousing is this negative emotion? �All EMOTIONS ARE STRONG ENGAGEMENT! � Unipolar Dimension �Measured by the same adjective on each pole �PA is independent of NA (someone could be high in both PA and NA) �Each defined by pleasantness and arousal

� Low poles indicate deactivation of affect (i. e. absence of affect) � Not considered true emotions b/c lack intensity � Low NA = presence of negative � Pleasant emotions low in arousal deactivation � Low PA = presence of positive deactivation � Unpleasant emotions low in arousal � In W&T’s model, PA and NA usually negatively correlated � Low PA would co-occur with High NA NA would co-occur with High PA

Positive emotions range from high arousal thru low arousal to lack of positive emotions

Negative emotions range from high arousal thru low arousal to lack of negative emotions

MIXED EMOTIONS

More positive!

More negative!

Negative Affect! Positive Affect! � Interested � Distressed � Excited � Upset � Strong � Guilty � Enthusiastic � Scared � Proud � Hostile � Alert � Irritable � Determines � Ashamed � Attentive � Nervous � Active � Jittery � Afraid (PANAS-Momentary; Watson et al. , 1998)

Cacioppo & Bernston (1994)

Imagine that you and your best friend tried out for the same position on the PSU soccer team. Your friend received the position, but you did not. Using the grid below, please rank how negative and positive you would feel about this outcome.

� Affect: �Does � PA feeling for or against a referent not include activation and NA can be +, -, or un-correlated � Allows for experience of mixed emotions (Cacioppo & Bernston, 1994)

� Coactivation: PA ↑, NA ↑ (mixed emotions) � Coinhibition: PA ↓, NA ↓ � Reciprocity: PA ↑, NA ↓ � Uncoupled Activation: PA and NA not correlated � Coactivation can occur, but affective processes gravitate toward bipolarity over time because bipolarity is more stable

� High Positivity, Low Negativity (reciprocity) � Low Positivity, High Negativity (reciprocity) � Low Positivity, Low Negativity (coinhibition) � High Positivity, High Negativity (coactivation)

High Positivity, Low Negativity

High Positivity, Low Negativity High Negativity, Low Positivity

High Positivity, Low Negativity, Low Positivity High Negativity, Low Positivity

High Positivity, Low Negativity High Negativity, High Positivity Low Negativity, Low Positivity High Negativity, Low Positivity

Reciprocity Similar to Russell’s valence dimension

Coactivation Reciprocity Coinhibition

� Extent to which a pair of emotions is experienced together depends on how close the two emotions lie in the space. � What correlation would R & B’s model predict for happiness and sadness? �A: Positively correlated �B: Uncorrelated �C: Negatively correlated. �D: Not Sure

� Typically, PA and NA are negatively correlated. � Pleasantness and Unpleasantness are ALWAYS negatively correlated. � What correlation would W & T’s model predict for happiness and sadness? �A: Positively correlated �B: Uncorrelated �C: Negatively correlated. �D: Not Sure

� Does not disagree completely with circumplex � Both allow for most mixed emotions (circumplex does not allow for happy and sadness) � Both include bipolar valence and activation dimensions (and view them as important) � On “typical days”: ESM reverts to circumplex (when mixed emotions are not experienced) �ESM View: People usually experience happiness OR sadness, not both simultaneously

� Mixed emotion of happiness and sadness �ESM: Allows for and measures �Circumplex: Does not allow for / does not measure � ESM: �Coactivation, coinhibition, and uncoupled activation included in model

� Use Circumplex model to explain emotions � Both view activation and valence part of emotional experience � Happy/sad: 180⁰ apart; negatively correlated; mutually exclusive � Allow for other mixed emotions (e. g. tense/excited)

� Building Blocks of Emotion �Watson: positive affect and negative affect �Russell: valence and arousal � Number �Watson of Activation Dimensions: = 2 unipolar activation dimensions (e. g. , PA & NA) �Russell = 1 bipolar activation dimension � Some say… �Watson = 2 valence dimensions (pleasantness, engagement) �Russell = 1 valence dimension (pleasantness)

� Watson’s High Positive Affect = Russell’s Pleasantness + Activation �Alert, excited, peppy, elated � Watson’s High Negative Affect = Russell’s Unpleasantness + Activation �Disgust, fear, anger � Watson’s Low PA = Russell’s Unpleasantness + Deactivation �Lethargic, fatigued, drowsy � Watson’s Low NA = Russell’s Pleasantness + Deactivation �Calm, content, serene

� Watson: �Happiness = moderately activated, pleasant emotion �Sadness = moderately activated, unpleasant emotion �Cannot occur at same time � Russell �Happiness = high pleasantness, moderate activation �Sadness = high unpleasantness, moderate activation �Cannot occur at same time � Cacioppo’s �Happiness ESM = high pleasantness �Sadness = high unpleasantness �Can occur at same time!