4 Theoretical Framework 5 Expanded Theoretical Framework Theories

4 Theoretical Framework

5 Expanded Theoretical Framework üTheories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounding assumptions. ü The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. üThe theoretical framework introduces and describes theory that explains why the research problem under study exists. Source: ibguides. usc. edu/content. php? pid=83009&sid=618409

6 Complete Theoretical Framework Remember: A complete theoretical framework will likely not emerge until after you have completed a thorough review of the literature. Source: http: //libguides. usc. edu/content. php? pid=83009&sid=618409

Importance of Theoretical Framework 7 üA theoretical framework consists of concepts and, together with their definitions and reference to relevant scholarly literature, existing theory that is used for your particular study. üThe theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the topic of your research paper and that relate to the broader areas of knowledge being considered. üThe theoretical framework is most often not something readily found within the literature. You must review course readings and pertinent research studies for theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you are investigating. ü The selection of a theory should depend on its appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory power.

8 The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following ways: üAn explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the reader to evaluate them critically. üThe theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing knowledge. Guided by a relevant theory, you are given a basis for your hypotheses and choice of research methods. üArticulating theoretical assumptions of a research study forces you to address questions of why and how. üIt permits you to intellectually transition from simply describing a phenomenon you have observed to generalizing about various aspects of that phenomenon.

9 The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following ways: üHaving a theory helps you identify the limits to those generalizations. üA theoretical framework specifies which key variables influence a phenomenon of interest and highlights the need to examine how those key variables might differ and under what circumstances. Good theory in the social sciences is of value precisely because it fulfills one primary purpose, so that we may use knowledge and understanding to act in more informed and effective ways.

Strategies to develop of an effective theoretical framework: 10 Examine your thesis title and research problem. The research problem anchors your entire study and forms the basis from which you construct your theoretical framework. Brainstorm about what you consider to be the key variables in your research. Answer the question, "What factors contribute to the presumed effect? " Review related literature to find how scholars have addressed your research question.

11 Strategies to develop of an effective theoretical framework: List the constructs and variables that might be relevant to your study. Group these variables into independent and dependent categories. Review key social science theories that are introduced to you in your course readings and choose theory that can best explain the relationships between the key variables in your study. Discuss the assumptions or propositions of this theory and point out their relevance to your research.

12 Strategies to develop of an effective theoretical framework: Remember: A theoretical framework is used to limit the scope of the relevant data by focusing on specific variables and defining the specific viewpoint [framework] that the researcher will take in analyzing and interpreting the data to be gathered. It also facilitates the understanding of concepts and variables according to given definitions and builds new knowledge by validating or challenging theoretical

Good Writing Styles 13 Clearly describe the framework, concepts, models, or specific theories that underpin your study. This includes noting who the key theorists are in the field who have conducted research on the problem you are investigating and, when necessary, the historical context that supports the formulation of that theory. This latter element is particularly important if theory is relatively unknown or it is borrowed from another discipline.

Good Writing Styles 14 Position your theoretical framework within a broader context of related frameworks, concepts, models, or theories. As noted in the example above, there will likely be several concepts, theories, or models that can be used to help develop a framework for understanding the research problem. Therefore, note why theory you've chosen is the appropriate one.

Good Writing Styles 15 The present tense is used when writing about theory. Although the past tense can be used to describe the history of a theory or the role of key theorists, the construction of your theoretical framework is happening now. You should make your theoretical assumptions as explicit as possible. Later, your discussion of methodology should be linked back to this theoretical framework.

Good Writing Styles 16 Don’t just take what theory says as a given! Reality is never accurately represented in such a simplistic way; if you imply that it can be, you fundamentally distort a reader's ability to understand the findings that emerge. Given this, always note the limitations of theoretical framework you've chosen [i. e. , what parts of the research problem require further investigation because theory inadequately explains a certain phenomena].

17 Samples of Theoretical Framework in Accounting Research

ASSUMPTIONS PRINCIPLES CONSTRAINTS 1. Economic entity 1. Historical cost 1. Cost-benefit 2. Going concern 2. Revenue recognition 2. Materiality 3. Monetary unit 3. Matching 3. Industry practice 4. Periodicity 4. Full disclosure 4. Conservatism QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS Relevance Reliability Comparability Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting Consistency Third level ELEMENTS Assets, Liabilities, and Equity Investments by owners Distribution to owners Comprehensive income Revenues and Expenses Gains and Losses OBJECTIVES 1. Useful in investment and credit decisions 2. Useful in assessing future cash flows 3. About enterprise resources, claims to resources, and changes in them Second level First level

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Contingency Theory and Management Control System 20 Such as Management Accounting

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COSO FRAMEWORK 22 Objectives Components of Internal Control Source: The Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission, 2013. Organizational Structure

23 Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework 24 A conceptual framework (also known as the research paradigm) is the researcher’s idea on how the research problem will have to be explored. This is founded on theoretical framework, which lies on a much broader scale of resolution. The conceptual framework embodies the specific direction by which the research will have to be undertaken. Statistically speaking, the conceptual framework describes the relationship between specific variables identified in the study. It also outlines the input, process and output of the whole investigation.

25 What is the difference between the conceptual and theoretical framework? The theoretical framework dwells on time tested theories that embody the findings of numerous investigations on how phenomena occur. The conceptual framework is much more specific in defining this relationship. The conceptual framework specifies the variables that will have to be explored in the investigation Ex. Theoretical framework: Managerial Accounting improves firm performance Conceptual framework: The use of budgeting in manufacturing firms can reduce production costs

How to get theoretical and conceptual framework? 26 q You have to review literature pertaining to your chosen research topic. q You need to read a lot and find out what has been studied so far in your respective fields and come up with your own synthesis of the literature. q You should look for gaps in knowledge and identify what questions need to be answered or what problems need to be given solutions.

27 Samples of Conceptual Framework in Accounting Research

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF BUDGETARY CHARACTERISTICS ON MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS VIA PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS AND BUDGETARY MOTIVATION WITH CULTURAL MODERATING EFFECTS Budgetary Characteristics Budget-related Attitudes Culture ����� Contingency Theory Outcome

เอกสารอางอง 34 Suanders, M. , Lewis, P. and Thornhill. Research methods for business students. Fifth edition. ibguides. usc. edu/content. php? pid=83009&sid =618409 https: //college-life. knoji. com/what-isthe-difference-between-theoreticalframework-and-the-conceptual-framework/ ทองสข วนแสน. สบคนไดจาก http: //www. bcn. ac. th/web/2007/KM_Research