4 The Skeletal System Lesson 4 1 Bone

4 The Skeletal System Lesson 4. 1: Bone as a Living Tissue Lesson 4. 2: The Axial Skeleton Lesson 4. 3: The Appendicular Skeleton Lesson 4. 4: Joints Lesson 4. 5: Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System

Chapter 4: The Skeletal System Lesson 4. 1 Bone as a Living Tissue

Bone as a Living Tissue • Functions of the skeletal system • Structures and classifications of bones • Growth and development of bones • Remodeling of bones © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Functions of the Skeletal System • Support – body framework • Protection – surround organs • Storage – Minerals • Blood cell formation – red bone marrow in medullary cavity • Movement – muscles pull bones © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Structures and Classifications of Bones • Composition of bones – osteocytes–mature bone cells • Organization of bones – cortical – trabecular © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Shape Categories of Bones • Long • Short • Flat • Irregular © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Anatomical Structure of Long Bones © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Anatomical Structure of Long Bones © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Growth and Development of Bones • Osteoblasts – build bone tissue • Osteoclasts – break down bone tissue • Bone formation – ossification © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Growth and Development of Bones • Longitudinal growth – epiphyseal plate • Circumferential growth – change in diameter • Adult bone development – aging causes loss of bone mass © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Remodeling of Bones • Hypertrophy of bones – stronger bones • Atrophy of bones – weaker bones © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1– 4 below: flat, osteocytes, osteoblasts, storage. 1. build bone tissue 2. one example of bone shape 3. a function of the skeletal system 4. mature bone cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 4: The Skeletal System Lesson 4. 2 The Axial Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage – Ribs – Sternum © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Axial Skeleton © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Skull • Cranium – surround the brain • Facial bones – protect the front of the head © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Cranium • Frontal bone • Ethmoid bone • Parietal bones (2) • Sphenoid bone • Temporal bones (2) • Occipital bones (2) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Facial Bones • Maxillary bones (2) • Nasal bones (2) • Palatine bones (2) • Vomer • Zygomatic bones (2) • Mandible • Lacrimal bones (2) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Cranial and Facial Bones © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Vertebral Column • Regions of the spine – – – Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (fused) Coccyx (tail-bone) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Structures of the Vertebrae • • Vertebral body Vertebral arch Transverse processes Spinous process © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Structures of Vertebrae © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures • Lordosis • Kyphosis • Scoliosis © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Intervertebral Discs • Between vertebrae • Shock absorbers • Allow flexibility © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Thoracic Cage • Sternum • Ribs – Manubrium – Body of the sternum – True ribs – False ribs – Floating ribs © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. All ribs are true ribs. 2. The facial bones surround the brain. 3. The sphenoid bone is part of the cranium. 4. There are 4 regions in the spine. 5. Intervertebral discs allow spinal flexibility. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 4: The Skeletal System Lesson 4. 3 The Appendicular Skeleton

The Upper Extremity • Shoulder Complex – Scapula – Clavicle • Arm – Humerus – Radius – Ulna © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Upper Extremity • Wrist & Hand – Carpals (8) – Metacarpals (5) – Phalanges (14) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Lower Extremity • Pelvic Girdle – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis • Leg – Femur – Patella © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. – Tibia – Fibula Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Lower Extremity • Ankle & Foot – Tarsals (7) – Metatarsals (5) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. – Phalanges (14) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: foot, shoulder complex, humerus, or pelvic girdle. 1. The proximal bone of the arm is the ________. 2. The tarsals are found in the ________. 3. The scapula and clavicle make up the ________. 4. The ilium is part of the ________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 4: The Skeletal System Lesson 4. 4 Joints

Categories of Joints • Immovable = Synarthroses • Slightly Movable = Amphiarthroses • Freely Movable = Diarthroses © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Immovable Joints • Skull • Coracoacromial joint • Distal tibiofibular joint © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Slightly Movable Joints • Sternocostal joint • Vertebral joints • Pubic symphysis © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Freely Movable Joints © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Freely Movable Joint Structures • Bursae • Tendon Sheaths • Articular Tissues – Fibrocartilage – Tendons – Ligaments © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Categories of Joints • Immovable = Synarthroses • Slightly Movable = Amphiarthroses • Freely Movable = Diarthroses © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Immovable Joints • Skull • Coracoacromial joint • Distal tibiofibular joint © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Slightly Movable Joints • Sternocostal joint • Vertebral joints • Pubic symphysis © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Freely Movable Joints © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Freely Movable Joint Structures • Bursae • Tendon Sheaths • Articular Tissues – Fibrocartilage – Tendons – Ligaments © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1– 4 below: skull, diarthroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses. 1. Immovable joint 2. Slightly movable joint 3. Freely movable joint 4. Sutures © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 4: The Skeletal System Lesson 4. 5 Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System

Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System • Bone injuries • Osteoporosis • Joint Injuries • Arthritis © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Fractures • Greenstick • Stress • Comminuted • Spiral © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Epiphyseal Injuries • Epiphyseal plate • Articular cartilage © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Osteoporosis • Low-strength bones easily break • Age-related Osteoporosis • Female Athlete Triad – Disordered eating – Amenorrhea – Osteoporosis © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Common Joint Injuries • Sprains – Torn ligament • Dislocations – Bone displaced from socket • Bursitis – Inflammation of bursae © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Arthritis • Rheumatoid Arthritis – Immune system attacks joints • Osteoarthritis – Degeneration of articular cartilage © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. A torn ligament causes a sprain. 2. Low strength bones easily break. 3. Immune system attack causes amenorrhea. 4. Greenstick is a type of fracture. 5. Bursitis is an inflammation of bursae. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.