4 Regulation The Endocrine Nervous System Most of

4. Regulation. The Endocrine & Nervous System

• Most of the time the endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis within the body. --The endocrine system is the collection of glands, which secrete hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood, among other things. http: // www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hr. Mi 4 Gik. Ww. Q

• • Major Glands of the Endocrine system: Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Ovaries/Testes

Hypothalamus • It is the portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous systems. -- Receives messages from other areas of the brain and from internal organs.

Pituitary gland • Master gland of body • When change in homeostasis is detected, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland. -- Pituitary gland is located beneath the hypothalamus; it releases its own chemicals or stimulate other glands to release them. -- Exs) – thyroid stimulating hormone – growth hormone (Somatotropin) – Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation – ICSH- causes testes to secrete testosterone – Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of melanin in skin – ADH- antidiuretic hormone

• Defects from pituitary gland: • Giantism- over secretion of somatotropin before puberty • Dwarfism- under secretion of somatotropin. Cause: tumor, injury, infection, genetics • Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH

Thyroid- produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium in blood. • Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine Defects of thyroid gland: – goiter- not enough iodine – hyperthyroidism – hypothyroidism

Adrenal glands • Located just above the kidney • Secretes many hormones • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Many steroid hormones, inc estrogen androgens.

Pancreas • Pancreatic juices into the intestine • secretes insulin, a hormone that transports glucose into cells. • Also secretes glucagonincreases glucose in bloodstream • Defects: Diabetes (already talked about)

Nervous System • Functions: • Internal Control • Communicate with environment and all cells of the body • Maintain homeostasis! http: //www. 5 min. com/Video/Learn-about-The-Brain-and-Central-Nervous-System-117566656

Nervous System • Organs/Structures – The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell. – Neurons- conduct impulses throughout the nervous system – Neurons have 3 regions: • Dendrites=branchlike, receives impulses • Axon= carries impulses away from cell and towards other neurons, muscles or glands • Cell Body= main cell

Connections between Neurons • Neurons don’t actually touch. • A space called a Synapse lies between the dendrite and axon. • Chemicals called Neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic space where they lock onto receptors.

Nervous System • Neurons fall into 3 Categories: 1. Sensory neurons- from body to spinal cord and brain 2. Interneurons- brain and spinal cord. Processes impulses and respond by sending impulses onto motor neurons 3. Motor Neurons- carry response away from brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland Ex) Tapping someone on the shoulder. What happens?

F. Nervous System • Myelin Sheath- insulates the axon helping speed up nerve impulses • Central Nervous System (CNS)- Brain and spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- all the nerves that branch off the spinal cord

Anatomy of the brain • Brain= control center for the entire nervous system. -- Divided into 3 sections: • 1) Cerebrum • 2)Cerebellum • 3) Brain stem

Anatomy of the brain • Cerebrum- 2 hemispheres connected by bundles of nerves. Outer surface is cerebral cortex, which increases surface area. ----intelligence, memory, language, skeletal muscle movement, senses controlled by this. • Cerebellum- Back of brain; controls your balance, posture and coordination. • Brain Stem- made up of: – medulla oblongata- controls involuntary activities such as breathing and heart rate. – Pons- & midbrain- act as pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other.

Scientific Left Handed Facts • Make up between 5% and 10% of the population (depending on who you ask) • More likely to have allergies • More prone to migraines • More likely to be insomniacs • More likely to be on extreme poles of the intelligence scale • Tend to reach puberty 4 to 5 months later than right handers • Twice as likely to be a man • Better at 3 D perception and thinking • Better at multi-tasking • Live on average 9 years less than right handed people

• Draw figures facing to the right • Recover from strokes faster • More likely to pursue creative careers • Of the seven most recent U. S Presidents, 4 have been left handed • Left handed college graduates go on to become 26% richer than right handed graduates • On a QWERTY keyboard there are 1447 English words typed solely with the left hand, whilst only 187 are typed with the right hand.

Injury/Diseases of the Nervous System • Multiple Sclerosis- myelin sheath surround nerve in the brain and spinal cord are damaged http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=qgy. SDm. RRzx. Y • Spinal Cord Injury- loss of functions as mobility of feeling http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=KGUAy. KQKmm. Y&feature=Play. List&p=8189 B 80 F 2 B 3 C 3 DDF&playnext_from=PL&playn ext=1&index=1 • Trauma- car accidents, gunshot, falls, etc