4 EXAMPLES OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCESPROCESSES 4 SILICA Crystalline

4 - EXAMPLES OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES/PROCESSES 4 -有害物质/ 序示例

SILICA 二氧化硅 • • Crystalline silica or quartz (Si. O 2) is the most widely occurring of all minerals and it is found in most rocks. 结晶性二氧化硅或石英（二氧化硅）是所有矿物中最常见的，大多数岩石中 均有二氧化硅。 Sand on beaches 海滩沙石 Inhalation can give rise to silicosis = Pulmonary fibrosis 吸入二氧化硅可能会导致硅肺病=肺纤维化 – Dust concentration in the atmosphere; – 大气中的粉尘浓度; – Percentage of free silica in the dust, and the – 粉尘中游离二氧化硅百分比；和 – Duration of exposure. – 接触时长 Silica is encountered during many processes which use minerals e. g. quarrying and mining, brick, tile and refractory manufacture, pottery and ceramic, sandblasting, Glass manufacture. 诸多使用矿物质的 序中都会遇到二氧化硅，诸如采石、采矿、制砖、制瓷 砖、耐火材料制造、以及陶器，陶瓷，和喷砂，玻璃制造。

SILICA 二氧化硅 Source: HSE 资料来源：HSE Silica released during stone cutting activities 石材切割时会释放二氧化硅

SILICA 二氧化硅 Source: Wikimedia Commons 资料来源：维基共享资源 Silica released during Quarrying activities 采石过程中会释放二氧化硅 Source: Wikimedia Commons 资料来源：维基共享资源

MACHINE MADE MINERAL FIBRE MMMF（1） 机制矿物纤维MMMF （1） • • Machine Made Mineral Fibres (MMMF) include ceramic fibers, special purpose fibers and continuous filament fibers. 机制矿物纤维 (MMMF)包括陶瓷纤维、特殊用途的纤维和连续长丝 纤维。 The material is normally made from molten glass, rock or slag. 该材料通常由熔化玻璃、岩石或矿渣制成。 The material exhibits good resistance to heat and chemicals and can be woven. 该材料的抗高温和抗化学能力较好，可以编织。 Cause irritations of the skin and eyes, and that at excessively dusty conditions they lead to irritation of the upper respiratory tract. 会刺激皮肤和眼睛，在灰尘过多的情况下，可能会刺激上呼吸道。

MACHINE MADE MINERAL FIBRE MMMF （2） 机制矿物纤维MMMF （2） • • • While most skin becomes resistant after a transitory period, some people need to take precautions to protect their skin and a small number need to move to other work. 虽然在过渡期后，大多数皮肤都会具有抗机制矿物纤维的能力，某 些人需要采取预防措施来保护自己的皮肤，还有一小部分人需要转 岗。 Studies in which non-asbestos mineral fibres were implanted into the chests of laboratory animals have shown that mesothelioma tumours result 将非石棉矿物纤维植入试验动物胸腔的研究显示，会造成间皮瘤。 Inhalation studies on animals have not led to clinically significant fibrosis. 动物吸入研究并没有临床明显纤维化。

MACHINE MADE MINERAL FIBRE MMMF 机制矿物纤维MMMF Source: Steve Bailey 资料来源：Steve Bailey Silica released during the relining of a Kiln 在重新修/铺窑时会释放二氧化硅

WELDING 焊接 Source: Wikimedia Commons 资料来源：维基共享资源

WELDING FUME 焊接烟尘 • Mixtures of airborne gases and fine particles. • 机载气体和细颗粒的混合物 • The degree of risk will depend on: the composition of the fume, the quantity of fume in the air which is breathed, the duration of exposure. • 风险程度的决定性因素：烟气的组成成分、吸入空气中 烟气的质量、和接触时长。

WELDING FUME 焊接烟尘 The main health effects are: 对健康的主要影响如下： • Irritation of the Respiratory Tract • 刺激呼吸道 • Metal Fume Fever • 金属烟雾病 • Systemic Poisoning • 全身中毒 • Long Term or Chronic Effects • 长期或慢性危害

EXAMPLES OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES/PROCESSES 有害物质/ 序示例 • Isocyanates can be liquids or solids at room temperature and are mainly used in the production of polyurethanes, foams, adhesives, varnishes and paints. • 异氰酸酯在室温下可能是液体或固体，主要用于聚氨酯、泡沫剂、粘合剂、 清漆和油漆的生产。 They are irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. However, the most serious problems associated with exposure to isocyanates are those affecting the respiratory system. Isocyanates are widely recognised as one of the commonest causes of occupational asthma. After varying exposure to isocyanates workers may respond to extremely low concentrations and this is known as sensitisation. • • 会刺激皮肤和粘膜。但是，接触异氰酸酯所致最严重危害是会影响呼吸系 统。异氰酸酯是最常见的职业性哮喘诱因之一。有些 作人员，即使在更 改异氰酸酯接触后，也可能会对非常低的异氰酸酯浓度有反应，这种情况 称为敏化作用。

Isocyanates 异氰酸酯 Source: HSE 资料来源： HSE Exposure to Isocyanates as well as solvent vapours during paint spraying 在喷漆时会接触异氰酸酯和溶剂蒸汽。

WOOD DUST 木屑 Source: Wikimedia Commons 资料来源：维基共享资源 Sanding of wood creates dust 木材打磨会产生灰尘 Source: Wikimedia Commons 资料来源：维基共享资源 Gluing of wood veneers 胶合板的胶合

WOOD DUST 木屑 • • • Wood dust is produced whenever the machining or cutting of wood takes place. 切割木材或加 木材时都会产生木屑。 The hazards associated with wood dusts are mainly from inhalation and skin contact. 木屑的危害主要来自吸入和皮肤接触。 Gives rise to many different symptoms, the nature of which depends on the quantity, and composition of the wood. 木材的数量和成分会导致出现不同的症状。 – Dermatitis – 皮炎 – Conjunctival irritation – 刺激结膜 – irritation of the upper respiratory tract. – 刺激上呼吸道 – Concern over the progression of the nasal irritation into nasal cancer. – 鼻腔刺激会发展成鼻腔癌。

Pharmaceuticals 制药业 • • Potent compounds. 强效化合物 Mostly in the form of dusts but some liquids/solvents 多数为粉末状，少数为液体/溶剂状。 – – – – – Allergic reactions 过敏反应 Vitamin deficiency 维生素缺乏症 Fungal infections 真菌感染 Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油 Tranquilizers. 镇静剂

Pharmaceuticals 制药业 Source: Steve Bailey 资料来源 : Steve Bailey Powder is fed through an open chute into a tablet press. 粉末通过敞开式滑槽进入压片机。 Source: Steve Bailey 资料来源 : Steve Bailey Manual feeding of powder from drum to open mixer. 手动将粉末从桶中倒入敞口混合器

Pharmaceuticals 制药业 Source: Steve Bailey 资料来源 : Steve Bailey A plastic sack of powdered material about to be charged to a reactor through a hopper inserted in the port. 在插口中插入漏斗，将塑料袋中的粉末材料倒入反应器中

Petroleum Products 石油产品 • • Lubricating Oils: 润滑油： – Irritant – 有刺激 – Defatting of Skin – 造成皮肤脱脂 – Inhalation of oil mists and vapours may cause irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. – 吸入油雾和蒸汽可能会刺激眼睛、鼻子和喉咙。 – Most formulations contain chemical additives of variable composition with different hazardous properties – 多数配方中含有具有不同危险特性的各种组成成分的化学添加剂。 Gasoline 汽油 – Skin irritant – 刺激皮肤 – Defatting of Skin – 造成皮肤脱脂 – Toxic additives e. g. tetraethyl lead – 含有有毒的添加剂，例如四乙基铅

Petroleum Products 石油产品 • • Gas oils, fuel oils 柴油，燃料油 – Skin irritant – 刺激皮肤 Benzene 苯 – Defatting of Skin – 造成皮肤脱脂 – Dermatitis on repeated exposure – 反复接触产生皮炎 – nervous system depression – 中枢神经系统抑制 – Repeated exposure damages blood – 反复接触造成血液受损 – Prolonged exposure to high concentrations cause a type of leukaemia (cancer of the blood) – 长期暴露在高浓度中导致白血病（血癌）

Petroleum Products 石油产品 Source: Steve Bailey 资料来源 : Steve Bailey Lubricating Oils 润滑油

Petroleum Products 石油产品 Source: Steve Bailey 资料来源 : Steve Bailey Tanker delivery of volatile solvents 油槽车运送挥发性溶剂

Mining – Mineral & Metal Extraction 矿业 – 矿物和金属的提炼 • Mining of coal, metal ores and other minerals is undertaken extensively around the world. • • 全球各地都有煤炭、金属矿石和其他矿物质的开采。 Historically mine workers have suffered higher incidences of ill health than workers in other heavy industry sectors. • 从古至今，采矿 人的身体健康状况都不及其他重 业的 人。 – Pneumoconiosis – – 尘肺病 Emphysema. – 肺气肿

Mining – Mineral & Metal Extraction 矿业 – 矿物和金属的提炼 Child coal miners - drivers and mules USA 1907 美国采矿童 ——司机和骡子， 1907年 Coal miner in Xingtai, China 2008 中国邢台的煤矿 人，2008年

Mining – Mineral & Metal Extraction 矿业 – 矿物和金属的提炼 • • Different Minerals Present Different Hazards 不同的矿物有不同的危害

Mining – Mineral & Metal Extraction 矿业 – 矿物和金属的提炼 Open-pit copper mine New Mexico 新墨西哥州的露天铜矿 Boddington Gold Mine, Western Australia. 西澳大利亚州的博丁顿金矿

Metal Use and Refining 金属的使用和提炼 Source: Adrian Hirst 资料来源： Adrian Hirst Casting of Bronze containing Copper and Tin 含铜和锡成分的青铜铸造

Metal Use and Refining 金属的使用和提炼 • Tungsten Carbide Tool containing Cobalt • 含钴的碳化钨 具 • Tools formed by Sintering Powdered metal. • 粉末金属烧结形成的 具 • Exposure can occur during manufacture or sharpening of the tool. • 在 具制造和打磨过程中会有接触。

Chromium 铬 • • • Steel-grey, hard metal element, which will take on a high lustre. 青灰色、硬金属，光泽度高 Alloying and Electroplating 合金炼制和电镀 It is capable of having a number of valent states 有多种价态。 – – – – – Hazards dependant on compound it forms: 其危险性取决于其组成成分： Dermal irritation, ulceration and allergic dermatitis. 皮肤发炎、溃烂和过敏性皮炎 Pulmonary irritation, 刺激肺 Nasal septum perforation, 鼻中隔穿孔 Cancer. 癌症

Chromium 铬 Source: Steve Bailey 资料来源 : Steve Bailey Electroplating Tanks 电镀槽 Source: Steve Bailey 资料来源 : Steve Bailey

LEAD 铅 • Soft malleable metal with good anticorrosive properties. • 柔软的可锻金属，防腐性能良好。 • Used extensively in the construction industry as well as in the production of batteries, bullets and weights. • 广泛用于建筑行业、电池，子弹和砝码的生产。 • Its various compounds are toxic • 它的各种成分均有毒性 – Acute effects are rare, as lead is mainly a cumulative chronic poison – 铅是慢性毒药，所以基本不会有急性毒效应 – Some organo lead compounds can be quickly absorbed through the skin and affect the brain causing death in some cases. – 某些有机铅化合物通过皮肤会被人体快速吸收，影响大脑，在某些情 况下还会造成死亡。

LEAD 铅 – Chronic effects are observed with the slow accumulation of lead in the body often being deposited in the bones. – 如果铅在人体内逐渐积累（通常是在骨骼中），可以观察到慢性铅中毒。 – Chronic effects range from stomach pains to lethargy and anaemia, ultimately causing death. – 慢性铅中毒的反应可以有胃疼、嗜睡和贫血，甚至是死亡。 – It can give rise to brain damage especially to the young and unborn. – 容易引起青年和未出生婴儿的大脑损伤。

LEAD 铅 Source: Wikimedia Commons 资料来源：维基共享资源 Recycling lead in a lead-acid battery recovery facility 铅酸蓄电池回收 厂中的铅回收操作

EXAMPLES OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES/PROCESSES 有害物质/ 序示例 • • • There are numerous substances that are Hazardous to Health 对人体健康有害的物质有很多 They can be Used in a wide variety of ways 使用方式也很多 In order to take any action with regards to Hazardous substances it is first necessary to: 为了应对有害物质，首先必须： 1. Understand the Industrial Process 1. 了解 业程序 2. Understand the hazards associated with the materials used/generated. 2. 了解与使用/生成材料相关的危害