4 6 Tissue Membranes 4 types of tissue

4 -6 Tissue Membranes • 4 types of tissue membranes 1. 2. 3. 4. Mucous membranes Serous membranes Cutaneous membrane Synovial membranes Each of these contains 2 of the 4 tissue types. Which kinds of cells are found in each? 1

Figure 4 -16 a Types of Membranes. Mucous secretion a Mucous membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous glands. These membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. 2

Figure 4 -16 b Types of Membranes. Transudate b Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities (the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities). 3

Figure 4 -16 c Types of Membranes. c The cutaneous membrane, or skin, covers the outer surface of the body. 4

Figure 4 -16 d Types of Membranes. Articular (hyaline) tissue Synovial fluid Capsule Capillary Adipocytes Synovial membrane Bone d Synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint. 5

Overview of Muscle & Nervous Tissue • Much more detail to come in Chapters 10 and 12 • What do these 2 tissues have in common? 6

LAB MANUAL Figure 6. 6 Nervous tissue Description: * neurons: branching cells * nonexcitable supporting cells Neuron processes Axon Dendrites Location: Nuclei of supporting cells Cell body of a neuron Neuron processes Function: 7

How can you distinguish neurons from sperm? (under a microscope) 8

Last but not least: MUSCLE! [Student part is red and italicized. ] Is it smoo-oo-oo-ooth or striated? (Smoo-oo-oo-ooth or striated. ) Smoo-oo-oo-ooth or striated? (Smoo-oo-oo-ooth or striated. ) Your biceps’ two parts? ________ The walls of your heart? ________ The walls of your veins? ________ The difference is plain… They are smoo-oo-oo-ooth or striated. (Smoo-oo-oo-ooth or striated. ) Smoo-oo-oo-ooth or striated? (Smoo-oo-oo-ooth or striated. ) 9

Melody playback: http: //www. noteflight. com/scores/view/894 cca 24605090 d 2 c 5 c 582 a 90 d 7106515231 b 6 d 5 10

Figure 6. 7 a Muscle tissues. Skeletal muscle Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Location: Part of muscle fiber (cell) Nuclei Function: 11

Figure 6. 7 b Muscle tissues. Cardiac muscle Description: * branching * striated * uninucleate Nucleus Location: Function: 12

Figure 6. 7 c Muscle tissues. Smooth muscle Description: * spindle-shaped cells * no striations * cells form sheets Location: Nucleus “Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. ” 13

Why (some) muscles look striated (striped) http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sarcomere 14

What kind of muscle cell is each of these? A. short, branched, striated B. long & striated C. not striated 15

4 -10 Inflammation and Regeneration “It takes a village. ” All 4 tissue types are involved! Mast Cell Activation When an injury damages connective tissue, mast cells release a variety of chemicals. This process, called mast cell activation, stimulates inflammation. Mast cell Histamine stimulates Exposure to Pathogens and Toxins Injured tissue contains an abnormal concentration of pathogens, toxins, wastes, and the chemicals from injured cells. When a tissue is injured, a general defense mechanism is activated. 16

Figure 4 -20 Inflammation and Regeneration (continued) Mast Cell Activation When an injury damages connective tissue, mast cells release a variety of Mast chemicals. This process, called mast cell activation, stimulates inflammation. Mast Cell INFLAMMATION Inflammation produces several familiar indications of injury, including swelling, redness, heat (warmth), pain, and sometimes loss of function. Inflammation may also result from the presence of pathogens, such as harmful bacteria, within the tissues. The presence of these pathogens constitutes an infection. Increased Blood Flow Increased Vessel Permeability In response to the released chemicals, blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow through the damaged tissue. Vessel dilation is accompanied by an increase in the permeability of the capillary walls. Plasma now diffuses into the injured tissue, so the area becomes swollen. Pain The abnormal conditions within the tissue and the chemicals released by mast cells stimulate nerve endings that produce the sensation of pain. PAIN 17

Figure 4 -20 Inflammation and Regeneration (continued) Increased Local Temperature Increased Oxygen and Nutrients Increased Phagocytosis Removal of Toxins and Wastes The increased blood flow and permeability causes the tissue to become warm and red. Vessel dilation, increased blood flow, and increased vessel permeability result in enhanced delivery of oxygen and nutrients. Phagocytes in the tissue are activated, and they begin engulfing tissue debris and pathogens. Enhanced circulation carries away toxins and wastes, distributing them to the kidneys for excretion, or to the liver for inactivation. O 2 Toxins and wastes Regeneration is the repair that occurs after the damaged tissue has been stabilized and the inflammation has subsided. Fibroblasts move into the area, laying down a collagenous framework known as scar tissue. Over time, scar tissue is usually “remodeled” and gradually assumes a more normal appearance. Inflammation Subsides Over a period of hours to days, the cleanup process generally succeeds in eliminating the inflammatory stimuli. 18

4 -11 Aging and Tissue • Cancer rates increase with age. WHY? 19

End-of-chapter review questions 24. Think about the epithelial cells that line the stomach. Why are tight junctions so important in these cells? 26. Why are infections always a serious threat after a severe burn or abrasion? © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

End-of-chapter review questions 27. A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents that movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to the epithelium describes (a) Interfacial canals (b) The basement membrane (c) The reticular lamina (d) Areolar tissue (e) Squamous epithelium © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

End-of-chapter review questions 31. During a lab practical, a student examines a tissue that is composed of densely packed protein fibers that are running parallel and form a cord. There are no striations, but small nuclei are visible. The student identifies the tissue as skeletal muscle. Why is the student’s choice wrong, and what tissue is he probably observing? © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 22

End-of-chapter review questions 32. While in a chemistry lab, Kelsey accidentally spills a small amount of a caustic (burning) chemical on her arm. What changes in the characteristics of the skin would you expect to observe, and what would cause these changes? © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

4 -1 Four Types of Tissue Type Role(s) - Covers surfaces/passages - Forms glands - Structural support - Fills internal spaces - Transports materials - Contraction! - Transmits information (electrically) Next: Integumentary System (Chapter 5) 24