4 1 United States territorial expansion between 1801

4. 1: United States territorial expansion between 1801 and 1861, and how it affected relations with external powers and Native Americans 4. 2: How the industrial revolution, increasing immigration, the rapid expansion of slavery, and the westward movement changed the lives of Americans and led toward regional tensions ERA 4: EXPANSION & REFORM 1801 -1861

I will Gain an Understanding of: � 1. Thomas Jefferson & the Louisiana Purchase � 2. James Madison and the War of 1812 � 3. Andrew Jackson and Westward Expansion � 4. James Polk and the Mexican – American War 1846 -1848

1. Thomas Jefferson & the Louisiana Purchase

Thomas Jefferson � � � Elected (3 rd) President 1800 Social Perspective: Admired farmers Hard working, independent, honest “virtuous” people

Jefferson & Territorial Expansion In 1800, Napoleon (France) � Acquired Louisiana Territory From Spain � Jefferson became interested in this territory �

Jefferson & Territorial Expansion T. Jefferson offered French $10 million � For New Orleans & land connected to Florida !! �

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 � � � Negotiations Napoleon asked for: $15 MILLION OR . 03 cents and acre For New Orleans, and ENTIRE Louisiana Territory! $3. 12 an acre modern currency !

The Size of U. S. DOUBLED Overnight!

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONS 1804 -1806 Jefferson’s plan: � Sent Meriwether Lewis & William Clark � 1. To explore territory � 2. Find a route to the Pacific Ocean �

The Lewis & Clark Expedition, 1804 -1806 � � � Began in: St. Louis Missouri Ended in: Oregon Coast Wrote “Journals” Field notes (Accounts w/ various Native American Tribes) Sketches (animals, plants, people, geography) Drew Maps

SIGNIFICANCE of Lewis & Clark � 1. educated Americans about land “out west” � 2. Warned about hardships future settlers would face (rough terrain, weather, native Americans) � 3. Found a route which led to Pacific Ocean

Problems with Great Britain… 1807 British ship fired @ U. S. ship Chesapeake � 3 Americans died � 4 American sailors forced into impressment – (American sailors are kidnapped and forced to join British Navy) �

Embargo Act, 1807 Prohibited U. S. ships from anchoring in foreign ports � Jefferson hoped to cripple Britain’s (& France’s) economy �

The Embargo Act Backfired U. S. was hurt economically – no trade!! � 30, 000 sailors out of work � Hundreds merchants went bankrupt � Farmers in debt �

2. James Madison & the War of 1812

1808 James Madison (4 th President) Immediate policy: � Re-opened trade with all nations except Britain & France � Britain retaliated by refusing to trade with U. S. �

War of 1812 - “Mr. Madison’s War” Official Causes: � 1. British Impressment � 2. British violations of U. S. neutrality � 3. British alliance with Native Americans �

U. S. Declared War on Britain 6/1/1812 Underlying Causes: � 1. Economic recession- British trade policy affected American Economy � 2. Tension between U. S & Britain following the Revolutionary War �

American Military Plan: Troops were sent to Canada, Summer 1812 � Canada was a British territory � American troops burned buildings in Toronto � Were defeated by British �

The British are Coming! The British descended upon Washington D. C. ! � The Battle of “Bladensburg” � American troops fled without firing a shot �

Dolly Madison’s Letter- August 23 -24, 1814 � “Will you believe it sister? We have had a battle near Bladensburg, and here I am still within sound of Cannon!. . . At this late hour a wagon has been procured, and I have filled it with plate and most valuable portable articles belonging to the house…”

What did Dolly Madison “SAVE”? ?

Dolly Madison’s Letter August 23 -24, 1814 � “…I insist on waiting until the large picture of George Washington is secured…”

The British Arrived at the Presidential Mansion… Ate the food on the dinner table. . � And Burned Presidential Mansion and other public buildings in Washington D. C. �

War of 1812 Ended -August 1814 Treaty of Ghent – Peace Treaty signed 1814 � restored status quo ante bellum (the state of things before the war) � Established boundary between U. S. & Canada �

SIDENOTE! Battle of New Orleans December, 1814 � British Troops attacked Americans in New Orleans � No one told them war was over!! � American General Andrew Jackson defeated British… �

OUTCOME… 1. Increased nationalism/Americ an Identity � 2. Francis Scott Key inspired to compose � “The Star Spangled Banner” � 3. Presidential mansion re-named “white house” �

“Star Spangled Banner, ” 1814 � Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

3. Andrew Jackson & Westward Expansion

Controversy: Missouri Statehood 1820 -1821 1819 House of Reps � Considered admitting Missouri as a state � 16% inhabitants were slaves �

Missouri Statehood 1820 -1821 In 1819 Union had: � 11 Free states � 11 Slave states � If Missouri was admitted as slave state , It would Upset balance �

Missouri Compromise, 1820 � � � 1820 congress admitted: 1. Missouri as a slave state 2. Maine as a Free State 3. Prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory North of latitude 36 -30

Also in 1819… � Adams- Onis Treaty : U. S. purchased Florida form Spain

Americans Start Moving West � � � � 1816 -1821 Indiana Mississippi Illinois Alabama Maine Missouri

Early Pioneers Migrated as families � Settled near Ohio & Mississippi Rivers �

Andrew Jackson President 1828 -1837 � Encouraged movement of white settlers west � Saw Native Americans as obstacle �

Indian Removal Act, 1830 Immediate “resettlement” of Native Americans living in: � Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, present day Illinois �

1830 -1850 100, 000 Native Americans � Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole � Forced to leave their ancestral lands �

Trail of Tears, 1838 U. S. General Winfield Scott & 7, 000 troops � Sent to re-locate Cherokees who refused to move �

Trail of Tears, 1838 dragged from their homes � Forced to walk 800 miles to Oklahoma territory � 4, 000 died along the way �

Trail Where They Cried… � “The mothers of the Cherokee grieved so much that the chiefs prayed for a sign to lift the mother's spirits and give them strength to care for their children. From that day forward, a beautiful new flower, a rose, grew wherever a mother's tear fell to the ground. The rose is white, for the mother's tears. It has a gold center, for the gold taken from the Cherokee lands, and seven leaves on each stem that represent the seven Cherokee clans that made the journey. To this day, the Cherokee Rose prospers along the route of the "Trail of Tears".

4. James Polk & The Mexican- American War 1846 -1848

West Ward Expansion 1800’s

Background Info: Mexico gained independence from Spain 1821 � most of Latin America was under Spanish control 1521 -1821 �

Most of the Southwest Including Texas � Was Spanish territory (until 1821) � Became Mexican Territory after 1821 �

From Spanish to Mexican Lands Example: San Gabriel Mission was founded 1771 by Spanish Priests � El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora del Rio de Porciuncula de Los Angeles was founded 1781 �

For Fun!

The Mexican State of Coahuila. Texas � Spanish-Mexican population TEJANOS

The Mexican Government Originally welcomed American settlers in Texas… � Offered land to American settlers for a few cents an acre � were given 3 CONDITIONS �

The Mexican Government � Asked that all “American” settlers: 1. Learn Spanish � 2. Convert to Catholicism � 3. Become Mexican citizens �

Stephen F. Austin � Mexican Government allowed him & group to settle in Texas, 1823

Stephen Austin Started A Colony in central Texas in 1823 with… � 300 original American Settlers � By 1824 : 2, 000 American settlers � By 1835: 30, 000!!! �

Tensions Between Groups � 1. Americans did not adhere to Mexican laws � 2. Americans outnumbered Mexican population Ex: By 1830, Texas had: � 20, 000 white settlers � 1, 000 -5, 000 African slaves � 6, 000 Mexicans

Tensions Between Groups… Mexican Government forbade slavery and the importation of slaves into Texas � Slavery was against the law in Mexico �

The Mexican Government 1. Forbade further immigration of American settlers into Texas in 1830! � 2. Banned slavery � 3. Demanded all Americans convert to Catholicism �

Friction Intensified… 1832 -1833 Americans started to demand a state of their own. � General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became dictator of Mexico 1834 �

“American” Texans Rebelled in 1835!! Santa Anna ordered all Americans EXPELLED � And Arrested rebels �

Siege at The Alamo - 1836 189 -200 Texan. American troops, townspeople stationed at the adobe structure � Siege lasted 13 days � Mexican army asked them to surrender � Americans fired a cannon shot… �

Mexican Army Charged! Americans outnumbered � Santa Anna’s men attacked from every side � He ordered wounded Americans to be put to death �

The Alamo Disastrous for Texan- Americans � 16 survivors : women, children, servants � Victory for Mexico

Sam Houston Sought Revenge Surprised Mexican troops in 1836 with his own army � Americans yelled: � “Remember the Alamo!!” as they charged… �

General Santa Anna Was captured! � 1. Forced to sign treaty which recognized Independence of Texas � 2. AND the Rio Grande as boundary �

Lone Star Republic Established, 1836 � Free, independent “country” � NOT A PART OF THE U. S. , AND NOT A PART OF MEXICO !! �

Sam Houston, President of The Lone Star Republic Legalized slavery � THEN Voted for annexation to the United States � Was admitted to the U. S. in 1845 �

Meanwhile…. � James Polk became President of U. S in 1844 � Goals to acquire : 1. Texas (formally) 2. Oregon territory 3. and California. Accomplished all � �

American Response towards Westward Expansion John O’ Sullivan� Journalist/Newspaper editor � Coined term “Manifest Destiny” 1845 �

John O’Sullivan Quote: � “Our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us”

Manifest Destiny is the Belief that… � “ It was God’s will that the United States expand from sea to shining sea and all points in between”

2 Days after Polk Took Office… March 1845 � Mexico broke off relations with U. S. � Mexico protested American annexation of Texas �

Polk Sent John Slidell to Mexico 1. To inform Mexico that U. S. wanted to purchase California & New Mexico for $25 million � 2. Mexican officials refused to receive Slidell (were insulted) �

Border Dispute � Mexican officials insisted BORDER with U. S. was located at NUECES RIVER � Polk insisted border was located at RIO GRANDE RIVER

Meanwhile, President Polk � Sent General Zachary Taylor to disputed region with troops � U. S. built a military fort in disputed territory

Mexican- American War, 18461848 � Mexican troops attacked American men for “trespassing”, April 25 th 1846 U. S. declared war on Mexico � Official cause: border dispute �

El Pueblo de Los Angeles & the War � August 13 th, 1846 American Marine Captain Archibald Gillespie & troops arrived in L. A. ! � September 23 rd he and his men surrounded by 600 angry Pobladores… � @ Fort Moore Hill �

Gillespie & His Troops forced to retreat to San Pedro Harbor � The women of L. A. gave the American troops baskets filled with peaches… � Rolled in cactus spines! �

Battle of the Rio San Gabriel January 8 th, 1847 � Location : Modern day Montebello & Pico Rivera � Washington blvd. & Bluff rd. � The final conflict in the Mexican- American War (on American soil)… �

Fun Fact! � The y just built new homes “RIO WALK” on the site of the Battle of the Rio San Gabriel…

January 10, 1847 American troops entered El Pueblo de Los Angeles � raised the American Flag @ Fort Moore Hill � Campo de Cahuenga Treaty – truce signed between Angelenos & American troops (near modern day Universal Studios) �

March 9 th, 1847 American troops invaded Veracruz, Mexico � Veracruz surrendered March 27 th �

End of THE War U. S. forces entered Mexico City � September 13 th 1847 � Mexico surrendered �

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo � Feb. 2 nd, 1848 � 1. Mexico gave up claims to Texas � 2. Acknowledged Rio Grande Border � 3. Ceded California - New Mexico to U. S. � 4. U. S. agreed to pay Mexico $15 million

Territory Gained by U. S. after War with Mexico

Wilmot Proviso � Representative David Wilmot’s Bill: � Forbade slavery in the new land acquired by War with Mexico � Issues: state’s rights, slavery

California Gold Rush- 1849 � May 1848, Gold found ! � Sutter’s Creek , California � August 1848 newspapers printed story � By 1849, people from around the world flocked to Northern California (‘ 49 ers)

Pioneers Continued to Moved West after 1848… Santa Fe Trail (old Spanish Trail) � Santa Fe, New Mexico to modern day El Monte, CA �

Pioneers Continued to Moved West after 1848… 1840 -1848 � 11, 500 settlers moved to Oregon Country � 2, 700 moved to California �

Wagon Trains… 4 -6 month journey � 10 -20 families traveled in covered wagons � 12 -15 miles a day � � Oregon trail

Pioneer Reality… � 1. Native Americans rarely attacked wagon trains � 2. Cholera, scarlet fever & other illnesses along trail � 3. “a grave every 80 yards” � 4. Rough terrain – “un-lady like” work for women � 5. Ox often died, wagon wheels broke