4 1 Affixation 4 1 1 Prefixation By

4. 1 Affixation 4. 1. 1 Prefixation By Jennifer , Summy

Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude Against---- anticontracounter. For ------ pro-

anti- (1) “against , opposed to” e. g. anti + tank anti-tank 反坦克的 anti + war anti-war 反战的 　 anti + government anti- government 反政府的

(２) preventing , destroying e. g. anti +freeze 冰冻 anti-freeze 防冻剂 Anti + septic 细菌的 anti-septic 杀菌的

（３）“against traditional characteristics” & “of or belonging to the hypothetical world consisting of antimatter”　　　　 e. g. anti-hero 不按传统主角品格 anti –novel 不按一般传统创造方法写成的小说 anti–art anti-cinema anti –music anti - theatre

Contra- “opposite contrasting” e. g. contra + ary 　contrary 相反的 　　　 　 contradict v. 反驳　矛盾 　　　 (contra +dict 说 反着说 反驳) 　 contra-vane 违反 (contra + van 走＋e 反着走 违反） contraband　走私 (contra + band 命令 违反命令的做法 走私）

counter- “against in opposition to “ 　　　 e. g. counter－espionage 反间谍行动 　　　 　　counteract 对抗 　　 　　counterfeit 伪造 　 　　counterrevolution 反革命 　　counterattack 反击

Comparison: anti-& counter. Similarity : Difference: “opposed to” Anti---suggest an attitude of opposition e. g. anti-war literature anti–nuclear campaign Counter--- implies an action in opposition to or in response to a previous action e. g. counter-attack counter-revolution

Pro - “ for , on the side of” e. g. pro-democracy pro-authority pro-American pro-slavery pro-student pro-abortionist

Locative prefixes Extra- “outside beyond “ e. g. extra—curricular 课外的 （extra + curricular 课程的） 　 extra-solar太阳系以外的 (extra +solar太阳的） Extravert 外向的 (extra + vert 转 性格向外 外向的）

Tele -e. g. “distant “ telescope telecommunication teleprinter fore- 　 “front part of “ e. g. forehead forearm

Inter- “between among” e. g. international 　 国际的 interpersonal 　人与人之间的 intercollegiate 大学之间的 Intra- “within” e. g. intranational 国内的　 intrapersonal　个人内心的 　　intracollegiate 　　 大学内的

Super- “above” e. g. superstructure 上层建筑 　 supervise 监视 （super +vise 看+e 在上面看 监视) superficial 肤浅的 （super + fic 做　＋ial 在表面上做　 　肤浅的）

Trans-1. （可以自由的缀在地理名词中） meaning “across, from one place to anther) e. g. trans-continental trans-oceanic trans-African trans-Pacific 2. (常常与字干连接，不能分开) meaning “to change thoroughly into anther state) e. g. translate transliterate 　　transform　transmit

Prefixes of time and order ex - “former” e. g. foree. g. ex-wife ex-president ex-member ex-emperor “before” foreword forefather foreknowledge foreshadow

post- “after” e. g. post-war post-election post-graduate post-independence pre- “ before, in advance” e. g. prefixes preschool prehistory prewar prepay prejudge

Ree. g. “again, back “ remarriage reread reconsider reappear rearrange rebuild Note that: among the words derived from the prefix re-, some words with a hyphen differ from those without a hyphen in meaning

. e. g. react ---- respond to somebody or something with hostility 反击 re-act ---- act again 在作 recount ---- tell a story 叙述某事 re-count ---- count again 重数

recover ---- get back or become well again 恢复（健康等） re-cover ----supply with a new cover 给某物 换上新的覆盖物 recreate ---- refresh or entertain 　 娱乐、休养 re-create ----create again 重做、再创造 reform ----become or make better 改良 re-form ---- form again 再组合

Number Prefixes semi- demi- hemimeaning “half” e. g. Semicircle -hemicycle Poly- multi- meaning “many” e. g. Polyhedron multinational

Monocycle/unicycle bicycle quadricycle tricycle

pentagram hexagram heptagram

enneagon octogon decagon

Conversion a- Prefixes added to verbs to form predicative adjectives , i. e. v. adj. /adv. e. g. asleep alive atremble alone aware awash

be- (1) added to nouns to form transitive verbs, i. e. n v e. g. befriend 友好对待　　　befool 欺骗　　　　 bewail 悲悼 (2) be + nouns + ed adjectives e. g. beloved bewildered

en- (em-) chiefly with nouns and adjectives to create transitive verbs, and em- occurs to words beginning with /p, b, m/. （１） en- (em-) +n v 　　 en + danger endanger 使危险 　　　em + power empower 授权 　 （２）en- (em-) + adj v en + large enlarge 扩大 　　　em + bitter embitter 使痛苦

Other prefixes having this classchanging function, such as (1) n v dedelouse ununearth (2) n adj anti-pollution inter-library post-war prepre-revolution propro-conservation

Miscellaneous auto- “self” e. g. autobiography neo- Prefixes autograph autosuggestion “new, revived” e. g. neo-liberal Neolithic 新石器时代 　　　 neoclassical 新古典主义的

pan- “all, the whole of “ e. g. pan-continental pan-African proto- pan-European pan-Indian “first, original” e. g. Prototype 雏形 protoplasm 原生质 　　　　protozoa 原生生物 Vice- “deputy, subordinate” e. g. vice-chairman vice-president vice-governor

Thanks my partner Gralian for all the help.

Suffixation By Jennifer , Summy

What is suffixation? What is suffix? Generally, suffixes do not change the meaning of the root in most cases, but change the grammatical function (part of speech) of the words. eg. survive + or = survivor survive v. , continue to live or exist survivor n. , person who continue to live or exist Exceptions: Meaning---full of meaning; significant Meaning + less = meaningless---without sense or motive

In a word, suffix have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of the base. Suffixes All the Suffixes Noun Suffixes Adjective Suffixes Verb Suffixes Adverb Suffixes

What is a noun suffix? Noun Adj. Verb Other Words + Noun Suffix Noun

1. Denominal nouns （n. +suffix ——n. ） a. Concrete —— the suffixes of this group are added to noun bases to produce concrete nouns. -eer （engineer）， -er （teenager）， -ess （hostess）， -ette （cigarette）， -let （starlet） -ster (gangster) 　　 b. Abstract ——the following suffixes come at the end of noun bases to form abstract nouns. -age （storage）， -dom（officialdom）， -ery （slavery），-ful (mouthful), -hood （childhood）, -ster (involved in) -ing （farming）， - ism（terrorism）， -ship（sportsmanship）

2. Deverbal nouns （v. +suffix——n) a. Denoting people -ant （assistant）， -ee （trainee）， -ent （respondent）， -er（recorder) 　　 b. Denoting action， result， process， state， ect. -age （linkage）， -al （dismissal） -ance （attendance）， -ation, -ition， -sion， -ion (realization, imagination, addition)， -ence （existence）， -ing （savings）， -ment （statement）

3. De-adjective nouns（adj+suffix— —n. ） -ity （popularity）， -ness （happiness） Some times, both –ity and –ness can be added to the same base to form new words. e. g, sensible—sensibility—sensibleness, pompous—pomposity—pompousness -ness can also exist together with other deadjectival formations, e. g. normalness—normality--normalcy infiniteness—infinitude--infinity

4. Nouns and adjectives suffixes -ese （Chinese）， -an （Australian）， -ist （主义） （socialist） -ite (Thatcherite) When adding to the same bases, -ist, -ian and –ite have similar meanings, but they still have some minor differences. The first one would suggest greatest commitment to the views or theory concerned, the second would be more neutral and thus gradable and the third one tends to be disparaging and would be used chiefly by those who themselves are not adherents. e. g. He is an out-and-out Darwinist. Isn’t that approach rather Darwinian? He is a Darwinite. ( not “ I’m a Darwinite)

Adjective suffixes 　1. Denominal suffixes —— -ed （wooded）， -ful （successful）， -ish （foolish）， -less （priceless）， -like （lady-like）， -ly （friendly）， -y （smoky） -al（-ial， -ical） （cultural， residential）， -esque （picturesque）， -ic （economic）， -ous（-eous， -ious） （coutageous） -ic and –ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases， but differ in meaning. 　　Historic （important in history） historical （of history） 　　Classic （great， memorable） classical （of Latin or Greek） 　　Comic （of comedy） comical （funny） 　　Economic （in the economy） economical （money-saving） 　　Electric （powered by electricity） electrical （of electricity）

Bonus Point -ic, -ical The adjective suffix –ic can also be used as a noun suffix and it means “an art or system of thought or a person connected with sth. ” When it is used as a noun suffix, the adjective form of that newly-formed word is usually ended with the suffix –ical. eg. music (n, ) musical (adj. ) logic (n. ) logical (adj. ) rhetoric (n. ) rhetorical ( adj. ) critic (n. ) critical (adj. )

-like, -ish manly, manlike o Applied t s nonhuman al or heroic ic s y h p e th to g in r r e Ref qualities of a mannish imply i masc ng unwel c u usua line attr ome lly in ib wom utes an. childlike, childish

2. Deverbal suffixes —— -able （-ible） （washable）， -ive（-ative， -sive） （active， decisive） 　　 Adverb suffixes —— -ly （calmly）， -ward（s)（homewards）， -wise （clockwise） 　　 Verb suffixes —— -ate（originate）， -en （darken）， -（i）fy （beautify）， -ize （ise） （modernize）

folknik, peacen ik, jazznik, cinenik, nogood nik, citynik -nik There are some seemingly productive fashionable affixes like –nik, which yield quite a few words. But most of them are considered slang and have not entered popular use yet.

Thank you very much for your Attention!!!