384 BC 322 BC CITATION AND SUMMARY ASTU

(384 BC – 322 BC) CITATION AND SUMMARY ASTU : INDIVIDUAL & SOCIETY/ FRIDAY SEPT. 14/ 2007

Neo-Aristotelean Theory Rhetorical theory and criticism in the first half of the 20 th century was dominated by neo-Aristotelian criticism. The dominance of neo -Aristotelian criticism was "virtually unchallenged until the 1960 s" and even now is considered not only as one of many approaches to criticism, but as fundamental for understanding other theoretical and critical approaches. The Rhetoric consists of three books. Book I offers a general overview, presenting the purposes of rhetoric and a working definition; it also offers a detailed discussion of the major contexts and types of rhetoric. Book II discusses in detail the three means of persuasion that an orator must rely on: those grounded in credibility (ethos), in the emotions and psychology of the audience (pathos), and in patterns of reasoning (logos). Book III introduces the elements of style (word choice, metaphor, and sentence structure) and arrangement (organization) [wikipedia. org].

“THE RHETORICAL STUDY OF GENRE” (GILTROW, X). RHETORIC: THE ART OF THE ‘AUTHOR” : CREDIBLE (ETHOS / ETHICS) THE AUDIENCE : ENGAGED (PATHOS) COMMUNICATIO THE CONTENT : LOGICAL (LOGOS/ IN CONTEXT) N GENRE : FORM + SITUATION Situation imprints language : Language is sensitive to cultural situations YES, SCHOLARLY WORK IS SUBJECTIVE : BUT, SCHOLARS DO NOT ‘HAVE’ OPINIONS, THEY HAVE POSITIONS.

Genre suits the cultural situation Knowledge is not universal There are different ways of knowing

CITATION: “As a research author, you will represent your reading, and thereby yourself as a scholar” (Giltrow, x). WHAT IS CITATION? . THE ATTRIBUTION OF A STATEMENT TO ANOTHER SPEAKER” (14

WHY DO SCHOLARS USE CITATION? BY ARRANGING FOR CONVERSATION AMONGST FELLOW SCHOLARS, THE WRITER GETS TO: TAKE A POSITION IN RELATION TO OTHER VOICES IDENTIFY HIMSELF OR HERSELF WITH A MEMBER OF A GROUP COLLECTIVITY TAKE A TURN IN THE CONVERSATION CONSTRUCT KNOWLEDGE

OW DO SCHOLARS TAKE A POSITION WITH CITATION? WITH REPORTING EXPRESSIONS THAT attribute SOURCES BY characterizing THE ORIGINAL STATEMENTS BY evaluating ESTABLISHED KNOWLEDGE BY WATCHING FOR OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE (“INDICATING UNCERTAINTY”) (24). LET’S LOOK AT EX. 4 PAGE 24

NOTING FOR GIST RECORDING LEVELS USING GIST AND LEVELS Chapter 3 Summary TO WRITE REPORTING EXPERTS AND NONEXPERTS . . . each cited statement is ‘a tiny summary’ (27).

Noting for Gist NOTES: We write as we TERRITORY DEFINES read and note COMMUNITY: FOR what we estimate RV’ERS SHARED to be most TERRITORY BOTH important from ALIENATES AND each paragraph. UNITES GIST NOTES ELIMINATE DETAILS. In one sense shared territory does not create community for RV’ers. Rv’ers are people who treasure their mobility and their ability to turn on the key and be gone if they don’t like their neighbors. In another sense it does. As Davis observes, “People cluster together for protection, contact, organization, group integration, and for the purpose of exploitation of a particular region and the community is the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life” (Dais 1949; 312). As we have said, RV’ers choose different sorts of places to cluster and they define themselves and are defined by others by where they park. These definitions reinforce the sense of community among Rv’ers, who cluster together, but also emphasize differences that alienate RV’ers from each other. We look first at the way in which their choice of place separates Rv’ers and then turn to a discussion of how space unites them through common values, interests and experience (38).

Recording levels At a general level the paragraph is about RV’ers and shared territory and community. NEXT, YOU BEGIN TO SELECT DETAILS THAT HELP EXPLAIN THE HIGH LEVEL GENERALITIES SHARED TERRITORY & COMMUNITY RV’ERS DEFINE THEMSELVES BY THEIR CHOSEN TERRITORY CHOICE OF SPACE SEPARATES AND UNITES COMMUNITY IS THE SMALLEST TERRITORIAL GROUP PEOPLE CLUSTER TOGETHER FOR PROTECTION, ORGANIZATION, CONTACT, & EXPLOITATION OF A REGION COMMON VALUES, INTEREST, EXPERIENCES Boon-dockers: Resort parks: GATES, GUARDS, RULES, ELECTRICITY/ TV CABLE, AFFLUENCE, HOMOGENEOUS NOT HOMOGENEOUS, ECONOMY, SIMPLICITY, NO RULES, ‘FREEDOM’, MARGINAL -UNDERGROUND “EPITOMIZE THE VALUES ON WHICH AMERICA WAS FOUNDED” LIFE STYLE ENCLAVES? (BELLAH ET EL. ) SEGMENTAL, CELEBRATES SIMILARITY -INVOLVES CONTRAST WITH OTHERS

SHARED TERRITORY & COMMUNITY To explain how RV’ers identify themselves RV’ERS DEFINE COMMUNITY IS THE by the places they choose to park, Counts and THEMSELVES BY SMALLEST counts, 1992, suggest that “shared territory’ TERRITORIAL both creates a sense of ‘community’ and THEIR CHOSEN GROUP separates two distinct communities of Rv’ers: TERRITORY ‘Resort parkers’ and ‘Boon-dockers’ (cited in PEOPLE CLUSTER Giltrow, 37). resort parkers are an affluent TOGETHER FOR homogeneous group who choose “private PROTECTION, resorts parks where their personal space is CHOICE OF SPACE ORGANIZATION, limited [by rules and guards and walls] but where they feel safe and comfortable [with SEPARATES AND UNITES CONTACT, & EXPLOITATION OF A electricity and cable TV]” (quoted in Giltrow 38). REGION Boon-dockers are not a homogeneous group, they prefer economy, simplicity and freedom; COMMON VALUES, “They live simply with a minimum of luxury and Boon-dockers: INTEREST, EXPERIENCES Resort parks: expense” (Quoted in Giltrow 38). Counts and Counts point out that while the lifestyle of the NOT GATES, GUARDS, Boon-dockers epitomizes “the values on which HOMOGENEOUS, RULES, LIFE STYLE America was founded, ” they are “often ECONOMY, ELECTRICITY/ TV ENCLAVES? regarded with ambivalence” by Resort parkers SIMPLICITY, NO CABLE, RULES, (BELLAH ET EL. ) -- and sometimes by other Boon-dockers as AFFLUENCE, ‘FREEDOM’, HOMOGENEOUS well (Quoted in Giltrow 39). MARGINAL -SEGMENTAL, UNDERGROUND CELEBRATES “EPITOMIZE THE VALUES SIMILARITY -ON INVOLVES CONTRAST WHICH AMERICA WAS WITH OTHERS FOUNDED” . .

To explore ‘the creation of community’ among Rv’ers counts and counts, 1992, explain how RV’ers identify themselves by the places they choose to park, suggesting that ‘shared territory’ both creates a sense of ‘community’ and separates two distinct groups of Rv’ers: ‘Resort parkers’ and ‘Boondockers’ (cited in Giltrow, 37). resort parkers are an affluent homogeneous group who choose “private resorts parks where their personal space is limited [by rules and guards and walls] but where they feel safe and comfortable [with electricity and cable TV]” (quoted in Giltrow 38). Boondockers are not a homogeneous group, they prefer economy, simplicity and freedom; “They live simply with a minimum of luxury and expense” (Quoted in Giltrow 38). Counts and Counts argue that the lifestyle of the Boondockers epitomizes “the values on which America was founded, ” however, they are “often regarded with ambivalence” by Resort parkers -- and sometimes by other Boon-dockers as well (Quoted in Giltrow 39).

ESTABLISHING THE SUMMARIZER’S POSITION IN RELATION TO THE WRITERS WHOSE IDEAS YOU ARE EXPRESSING: • REPORTING EXPRESSIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE THE ORIGINAL: “Counts and Counts explain. ” NAMING THE KIND OF STUDY THEY ARE CITING: “In their ethnographic study of RVer’s and how they create community, counts and Counts Utilize Bellah et al. ’s distinction between. . ” By estimating the limits of the original : Counts and Counts provide an interesting and thoughtful description of RVer lifestyles, but can their distinctions between ‘lifestyle enclaves’ and ‘communities’ be applied to other groups of people living together, such as retirement homes?

REPORTING CITING OTHER’S CITATION (45) YOUR JOB IS TO TRACE THE CONVERSATION IN HIS STUDY OF THE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS IN THE US SOUTHWEST, CHAVEZ (1994) CITES ANDERSON’S NOTION OF COMMUNITY AS “IMAGINED”: A SUBJECTIVE SENSATION OF BEING CONNECTED TO OTHERS, DESPITE INEQUALITY AND THE ABSENCE OF FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT, “AN IMAGE OF [. . . ] COMMUNION WITH OTHERS” (ANDERSON CITED IN CHAVEZ, P 54). Page 46 Giltrow CHAVEZ SAYS THAT ANDERSONS SAYS. . . THIS SORT OF ‘DOUBLE REPORTING’ DEFINES THE SUMMARIZER’S POSITION. YOUR CONTRIBUTION LIES IN TRACING THE STATEMENT.

EXPERTS AND NON-EXPERTS CITING THE VOICE OF NON-EXPERTS AS INDICATION OF A SOCIAL PHENOMENA WHEN CITING NON-EXPERTS YOU DO NOT ENGAGE IN A SCHOLARLY CONVERSATION OR POSITION YOURSELF IN RELATION TO NON-EXPERTS. LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE ON PAGE 47 - WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU CITE NONEXPERTS AS PART OF THE SCHOLARLY CONVERSATION? YOU MISREPRESENT THE ORIGINAL ND FINALLY, STUDY PAGE 51 - 52 - THE EXAMPLE OF MARY ENGLU

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