344 471 Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems M 1003

344 -471 �������� ��� (Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems) ��. ������������ ��������������� : M 100/3 ���� : 074 -288702 1 E-mail : wwettayaprasit@yahoo. com Web site : http: // www. cs. psu. ac. th/wiphada

������� Chapter 1 : What is Artificial Intelligence? Chapter 2 : Heuristic Search techniques Chapter 3 : Knowledge Representation Chapter 4 : Predicate Logics Chapter 5 : Expert Systems Chapter 6 : Natural Language Processing Chapter 7 : Robotics Chapter 8 : Computer vision Chapter 9 : Neural Networks Chapter 10 : Machine Learning 3 344 -471 AI & ES ��� Homework 1 Homework 2 Homework 3 Lab 1 : ������ Lab 2 : ������ Lab 3 : ������ Lab 4 : ������ Lab 5 : ������ Lab 6 : ������ Chapter 1

������� 4 1. Artificial Intelligence second edition, Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight, Mc. Graw-Hill Inc. , 1991. 2. Neural Networks : A Comprehensive Foundation, Simon Haykin, Macmillan College Publishing Company Inc. 1994. 2. Artificial Intelligence : Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving, Second Edition, 1993. 3. Expert Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence, Efraim Turban, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. 4. Understanding Decision Support Systems and Expert Systems, Efrem G. Mallach, Richard D. Irwin, Inc. 1994 5. Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Mary Dee Harries, 1985. 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Chapter 1 What is Artificial Intelligence ? 5

AI Areas Artificial Intelligence (AI) : nthe branch o f computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. AI Areas : Game Playing n Automated Reasoning and Theorem Proving n Expert Systems n Natural Language Understanding and Semantics Modeling n Modeling Human Performance n Planning and Robotics n Machine Leaning n Neural Networks n 6 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Task Domain of AI Mundane Tasks Perception : Vision, Speech Natural language : Understanding, Generation, Translation Commonsense reasoning Robot control Formal Tasks Games: Chess Mathematics : Logic, Geometry n n n Expert Tasks Engineering : Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning Scientific analysis Medical diagnosis Financial analysis n n 7 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Intelligence require knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. 8 It is voluminous. Is it shard to characterize accurately. It is constantly changing. It differs from data by being organized in a way that corresponds to the ways it will be used. 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Knowledge Representation and Search for AI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 9 The knowledge captures generalizations. It can be understood by people who must provide it. It can easily be modified to correct errors and to reflect changes in the world. It can be used in many situations even if it is not totally accurate or complete. It can use to narrow the range of possibilities that must usually be considered. 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Common Features of AI Problems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10 The use of computer to do the symbolic reasoning. A focus on problems that do not respond to algorithmic solutions. Heuristic search. Manipulate the significant quantitative features of a situation rather than relying on numeric methods. Dealing with semantic meaning. Answer that are neither exact nor optimal but “sufficient”. Domain specific knowledge in solving problems. Use meta-level knowledge. 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 1 11 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 1 12 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n Board : nine element vector representation. 0 = blank, 1 =X, 2=O n Moveable : Their Complexity = 39 = 19, 683 n n 13 1 view vector board as a ternary number (base three) 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2 14 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2 15 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2 n n Board : nine element vector representation. 2 = blank, 3 =X, 5=O n n n 16 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 an integer indicating which move of the game is about to played. 1 indicate the first move. 9 indicate the last move. Board[5] = 2 mean blank Poswin(p) : If it produce (3*3*2) =18 X can win n n 1 p = 0 if the player can not win on his next move. Poswin(p) : If it produce (5*5*2) =50 Go(n) : Make a move on square n. n TURN is odd if it is playing X n TURN is even if it is playing O n More efficient in term of space. 344 -471 AI & ES O can win Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2’ 17 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2’ 18 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2’ n n Board : nine element vector representation. 2 = blank, 3 =X, 5=O n n n 19 3 4 1 5 9 6 7 2 an integer indicating which move of the game is about to played. 1 indicate the first move. 9 indicate the last move. Board[5] = 2 mean blank Poswin(p) : If it produce MAGIC n (8 + 3 + 4) =15 n 8 SQUARE p = 0 if the player can not win on his next move. Go(n) : Make a move on square n. n TURN is odd if it is playing X n TURN is even if it is playing O n More efficient in term of space. 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 3 20 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 3 21 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 3 n n n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Board_Position : nine element vector representing the board, a list of board positions that could result from the next move, and a number representing as estimate of how likely the board position is lead to an ultimate win for the player to move. Minimax Procedure : in chapter 12. Search tree : need more time Use AI technique : Decide which of a set of board positions is best. n n 22 1 n find highest possible rating. consider all the moves the component could make next. See which move is worst for us. . (Assume the opponent will make that move) 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Question Answering 1 Russia massed troops on the Czech border. POLITICS program [Corbonell, 1980) Q 1: Why did Russia do this? A 1: ����������� ��� ������. . . Q 1: What should the United States do? A 2: ��������� ����� 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1 23 OR

Question Answering 2 n. Mary went shopping for a new coat. n. She found a red one she really liked. n. When she got it home, she discovered that it went perfectly with her favorite dress. ELIZA Q 1: What did Mary go shopping for? A 1: . . . Q 2: What did Mary find she liked? A 2: . . . Q 3: Did Mary buy anything ? A 3: . . . 24 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

The level of the model 1. 2. 3. 25 What is the goal in trying to produce programs that do intelligent things that people do? Are we trying to produce programs that do the tasks the same way people do? Are we attempting to produce programs that simply do the tasks in whatever way appears easiest? 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Model human performance 1. To test psychological theories of human performance. ����������� PAPPY {Colby, 1975] 2. To enable computers to understand human reasoning. ����������� 3. To enable computers to understand computer reasoning. · 26 ����������������� 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Criteria for success n How will we know if we have succeeded? n Turing test. n DENDRAL : is a program that analyzes organic compounds to determine their structure. Human Computer HUMAN CHEMIST 27 Person asking? COMPUTER 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1

Homework 1 (2%) 1. 2. Given the meaning of Artificial Intelligence from your point of view. You may add citation from searching documents in the web or from the text book. Given all AI fields with some explanations. Due date : Wednesday 17 November 2004 in class 28 344 -471 AI & ES Chapter 1