34 2 Patterns of Behavior Courtship 1 Courtship

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Courtship 1. Courtship Purpose: To pass along its genes to the next generation, animals must mate at least once. 2. Courtship Behavior: • part of an overall reproductive strategy • helps animals identify healthy mates. • Individuals send out stimuli to attract members of the opposite sex. Stimuli may include: • sounds • visual displays • chemicals

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Courtship In some species, courtship involves a series of behaviors called rituals. 3. Ritual = series of behaviors that is performed the same way by all members of a population for the purpose of communicating. 4. Most courtship rituals consist of specific signals and individual responses that continue until mating occurs. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Mb. Dj. NDD 4 c. M

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Social Behavior 5. Social Behavior = interactions between members of the same species 6. Societies = groups of related animals that interact closely and cooperate. • Related individuals share a large proportion of genes. • Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring. • Membership in a society offers great survival advantages.

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Social Behavior 6. Primates form some of the most complex societies. 7. Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies: • hunt together • travel in search of new territory • interact with neighboring societies. • Example: chimpanzee hunt http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a 7 Xu. Xi 3 mq. YM

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Social Behavior 8. Animal societies use strength in numbers to: • improve their ability to hunt • protect their territory • fight with rivals • guard their young • provide protection from predators Bison and other grazers band together in herds when grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=t. CG 1 I-Ssgww

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Competition and Aggression 9. Competition and Aggression • Some animals have behaviors to prevent others from using limited resources. 10. Territorialism = behaviors used to protect a specific area. • Keeps others at a distance. • Protects resources needed for survival or reproduction • Animals often mark territories to signal others to keep out. • If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the rival and drive it away. • Example: Marking Territory http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-4 j 2 Mj. Md. AJE

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Competition and Aggression 11. When two or more animals try to claim limited resources, competition occurs. • Many animals use rituals and displays when they compete. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=EQCYx. YW 1 IBw 12. Animals may show aggression, a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another. Example: Ibex Fight http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=HBdv. W_xp. Gy. A

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Communication 13. Communication = the passing of information from one organism to another. • When animal behavior involves more than one individual, some form of communication is involved

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Communication 14. Communication signals may include: • • Visual including movements sound touch chemicals 15. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ls. Mbn 3 b 1 Bis • • • Behavior that affects the behavior of another animal or organism Plants use pheromones to attract pollinators Examples: bees and whales

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Communication 16. Examples: Bees: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-7 ij. I-g 4 j. Hg • Sound, movement, pheromones Whales: • Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate with sound. • Some animals that use sound have evolved elaborate communication systems. • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ds. Qn. Rn. E-W 8 A

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Communication 17. Chemical Signals • Animals with well-developed senses of smell may communicate with chemicals. • Some animals release pheromones to mark a territory or to signal their readiness to mate. 18. Pheromones = chemical signals that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species. • Examples: Ants: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=gc. Ht 5 n 3 NGK 0 Funny stinky animals: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ip. CEt. MHJ 6 m. A

34 -2 Patterns of Behavior Communication 19. Language = a system of communication that combines: • sounds, symbols, or gestures • according to sets of rules about word order and meaning. 20. Only humans are known to use language. http: //www. ted. com/talks/steven_pinker_on_language_ and_thought. html