34 1 Reproductive Anatomy KEY CONCEPT Female and

34. 1 Reproductive Anatomy KEY CONCEPT Female and male reproductive organs fully develop during puberty.

34. 1 Reproductive Anatomy The female reproductive system produces ova. • There are two main functions of the female reproductive system. – produce ova, or egg cells – provide a place where a zygote develops fallopian tube ovary uterus cervix pubic bone urinary bladder urethra rectum vagina

Function: Produce ova (eggs) and prepare the body to nourish a developing embryo Uterine tube: egg transport Uterus: embryo development Cervix: entrance to uterus Vagina: birth canal Anal Canal: waste excretion Perineum: skin between anus and vagina Ovary: produces eggs Bladder: urine storage Pubic bone: part of pelvis Clitoris: external genitalia Labia minora entrance to } Labia majora vagina

34. 1 Reproductive Anatomy • Estrogen has three main functions. – develop female sexual characteristics – develop eggs – prepare uterus for pregnancy

34. 1 Reproductive Anatomy The male reproductive system produces sperm. • There are two main functions of the male reproductive system. – produce sperm cells – deliver sperm to the female reproductive system urinary bladder seminal vesicle vas deferens pubic bone prostate gland rectum penis urethra epididymis scrotum testis bulbourethral gland

Function: Produce and deliver sperm Penis: external reproductive organ Urethra: carries urine from bladder to outside of body; tube through which semen is released

Seminal vesicle: produces seminal fluid (semen without the sperm) Prostate gland: seminal fluid Bulbourethral gland: seminal fluid Vas deferens: tube for sperm transport Epididymis: sperm maturation and storage Testis: sperm production Scrotum: external sac containing testes

34. 1 Reproductive Anatomy • Testosterone has two main functions. – developing male sexual characteristics – producing sperm

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A KEY CONCEPT Human reproductive processes depend on cycles of hormones.

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles. • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) regulate egg production. – meiosis produces eggs and polar bodies – each egg has 23 chromosomes – meiosis is completed at fertilization potential egg Meiosis I Completed first polar body Meiosis II Completed only after sperm enters second polar body ovum (egg)

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A • FSH, LH, and estrogen stimulate the release of eggs. – follicle ruptures at ovulation – egg travels into fallopian tube – ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum fallopian tube uterus 5 to 7 days to uterus follicle egg cell egg released ovary uterine wall corpus luteum

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles. • The menstrual cycle has three phases. – flow phase: endometrium sheds – follicular phase: ovulation occurs – luteal phase: corpus luteum forms

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A • The menstrual cycle stops at menopause. – cycle continues until a woman’s mid-40’s or 50’s – decline in hormone levels make cycles irregular – eventually, cycle stops altogether

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A Sperm production in the testes is controlled by hormones. • Testosterone, FSH, and LH stimulate sperm production. – one sex cell divides into four sperm – each sperm has 23 chromosomes potential sperm Meiosis II 4 sperm cells

34. 2 Reproductive Processes • Sperm cells fully mature in the epididymis. – head contains acrosome – midpiece contains ATP acrosome – tail allows mobility TEKS 6 G, 10 A nucleus with 23 chromosomes head mitochondria midpiece tail

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell. • Sperm penetrates an egg. – membrane keeps out other sperm – nucleus of sperm joins with egg – zygote formed

34. 2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6 G, 10 A • Multiple zygotes can result from fertilization. – identical twins from the same egg – fraternal twins from two separate eggs • Infertility makes reproduction difficult or impossible.