32 BIT OS l 1 December 15 th

32 BIT OS l 1 December 15 th, 2010

GROUP MEMBERS Rabia muzaffar ali Tooba imtiaz Talha Qumar Alamgir l 2

OPERATING SYSTEM Also known as an "OS, " This is the software that communicates with computer hardware on the most basic level. The OS is what allocates memory, processes tasks, accesses disks and peripherals, and serves as the user interface. l 3

CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM Multi-user Multiprocessing Real time Multithreading Multitasking l 4

HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM The 1940's - First Generations The 1950's - Second Generation The 1960's - Third Generation Fourth Generation l 5

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture RISC and CISC and DSP l 6

MICROPROCESSOR Control Unit I/O Units Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers Cache l 7

BIT OPERATING SYSTEMS It refers to the number of bits that can be processed or transmitted in parallel, or the number of bits used for single element in a data format. The term is often applied to the following: 8 -bit Operating System 16 bit Operating System 32 -bit Operating System 64 -bit Operating System l 8

32 -BIT OPERATING SYSTEM l 9

HOW CAN WE KNOW WHAT O. S VERSION OUR SYSTEM SUPPORT? l 10

32 -BIT COMPUTING l 11

32 -BIT COMPUTING l 12

32 -BIT VS. 64 -BITCOMPUTING Two approaches HARDWARE SOFTWARE l. CPU and ALU Architectures l. Program Counter width in bit l. Address Register width in bit l. Instruction Register width in bit l. Memory Management l. ISA l 13

32 -BIT VS. 64 -BITCOMPUTING Two approaches HARDWARE SOFTWARE l. PAE l. Addressing Mode l 14

32 -BIT VS. 64 -BITCOMPUTING SOFTWARE APPROACH (PAE) Physical address expansion , A feature that allows x 86 -based computers to support more than 4 gigabytes (GB) of physical memory. Up to 64 GB of physical memory can be used as regular 4 -kilobyte (KB) pages, and the number of bits that can be used by the kernel to address physical memory can be expanded from 32 to 36. l 15

32 -BIT VS. 64 -BITCOMPUTING SOFTWARE APPROACH ADDRESSING MODE How an instruction fetches its operands from primary memory DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE INDIRECT ADDRESSING MODE IMIDIATE ADDRESSING MODE INHERIENT ADDRESSING MODE l 16

32 -BIT VS. 64 -BITCOMPUTING HARDWARE APPROACH CPU AND ALU ARCHITECTURES CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers exist on chip , address buses, or data buses of that size. l. X 64 has a system bus (address + data + control ) each of 64 bit wide, so it can be efficiently partitioned into 32 x 2, 16 x 4 multicores(core to Quad), so provide multitasking. l. X 86 has a system bus (address + data + control ) each of 32 bit wide, it can only be partitioned into 16 x 2 i. e. Dual core. l l 17

Microsoft Win 32 uses the x 86 processor in 32 -bit flat mode. Therefore, a x 86 -based version means a 32 -bit version operating system. Microsoft Win 64 uses the x 86 -64 or X 64 processor in 64 -bit flat mode. Therefore, a x 64 -based version means a 64 -bit version operating system. l 18

l. One of the greatest advantages of using a 64 -bit is the ability to access physical memory (RAM) that is above the 4 -gigabyte (GB) range. l. This physical memory is not addressable by 32 -bit versions of Windows. l 19

Depending on the version of Windows , a 64 -bit version of Windows Vista supports from 1 GB of RAM to more than 128 GB of RAM. The ability to address more physical memory lets Windows Vista minimize the time that is required to swap processes in and out of physical memory. Therefore, Windows Vista can manage processes more efficiently. This memory management feature helps improve the overall performance of Windows Vista. l 20

l. What is a signed driver? l. A signed driver is device driver software that includes a digital signature. l. A digital signature is an electronic security mark that can indicate the publisher of the software, as well as whether someone has changed the original contents of the driver software package. l 21

l. Data Execution Prevention is a security feature that can help prevent damage to your computer from viruses and other security threats. l Harmful programs can try to attack Windows by attempting to run (also known as execute) code from system memory locations reserved for Windows and other authorized programs. These types of attacks can harm your programs and files. l. DEP can help protect your computer by monitoring your programs to make sure that they use system memory safely. If DEP notices a program on your computer using memory incorrectly, it closes the program and notifies you. l 22

INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE refers to the symbolic representation of execution for the instructions and operations. It shows the internal organization and logic of any operation. examples � Pc Pc+1 (PROGRAM COUNTER UPDATION) � IR M[AR] (DECODING OF ANY FETCHED INSTRUCION) � R 1 R 2+R 3 (ADD TWO REGISTERS AND SAVE RESULT IN 3 RD REGISTER) l 23

32 -BIT VS. 64 -BITCOMPUTING HARDWARE APPROACH ISA (INSTRUCTION SET ARCH. ) It is not so simple as you observe computer operating in front of you, it respond to 1000 of instructions and operation depending on ISA IN LESS THAN 1 SEC. IR M[AR] (DECODING OF ANY FETCHED INSTRUCION) M[] is the primary memory (array) is of either 2^32 bit 2^64 bit AR address register 32 or 64 bit wide IR instruction register of 32 or 64 bit wide l 24

32 -BIT VS. 64 -BITCOMPUTING HARDWARE APPROACH ISA (INSTRUCTION SET ARCH. ) RISC (REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE) � IN RISC INSTRUCTION REGISTER IS A SINGLE REGISTER OF 32 BIT OR 64 BIT WIDE IR OF 32 BIT CISC (COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE) � THE SAME IR IN CISC MODEL IS COMBINATION OF 8 BIT REGISTER 8 BIT l 25

Difference Between 32 And 64 -bit Systems, The 'Why' Behind It In your computer, you have several 'items' that, normally, you don't concern yourself about. One of those is the 'data bus'. The 'data bus' is used to move the data around inside your computer. In a 32 -bit computer, the width (or size) of the data bus is 32 bits wide. A 64 -bit bus is twice as wide so the system can move twice as much data around. Being able to process more data means a faster system , but only for specific things. Processor manufacturers are working out ways to provide 64 bit processors that are faster and cooler running temperatures so you may hear about multi-core processors and other highly technical terms that are related to 64 -bit computing. l 26

Windows 64 -bit VISTA Windows for 64 -bit is not where it should be. It has been reported that Vista 64 -bit, Microsoft's next Windows release, already has severe problems. It already has had critical updates applied, prior to release. Nothing like getting a head start, is there. Other problems with 64 -bit is the general lack of stable software to run on these Ferrari of the computer world. The entire system has to be designed and built for the wider data bus, too, so the system will cost more. l 27

Who needs 64 -bit? I suppose the question now is , "Who would benefit for buying a 64 -bit system? " The answer: mostly businesses, universities, scientific groups, and government. If you produce videos, computer art, or develop programs, 64 -bit systems will be helpful. � But for the home user, 64 -bit is currently a bit overkill. You won't see faster activities like writing, spreadsheet processing, or web browsing � � One of the greatest advantages of using a 64 -bit version of Windows Vista is the ability to access physical memory (RAM) that is above the 4 -gigabyte (GB) range. This physical memory is not addressable by 32 -bit versions of Windows Vista. l 28

ADVANTAGES WHEN YOU INSTALL A 64 -BIT VERSION OF WINDOWS. Increased memory support beyond that of the 4 -GB addressable memory space that is available in a 32 -bit operating system. Increased program performance for programs that are written to take advantage of a 64 -bit operating system. 64 -bit CPUs have existed in supercomputers since the 1970 s (Cray-1, 1975; CDC 6000 series, 1964, were 60 bit) and in RISC-based workstations and servers since the early 1990 s. 64 -bit computer architecture generally has integer and addressing registers that are 64 bits wide, allowing direct support for 64 -bit data types and addresses. l 29

LIMITATIONS OF 64 BIT Most 64 -bit microprocessors on the market today have an artificial limit on the amount of memory they can address, considerably lower than what might be expected from 64 bits. For example, the AMD 64 architecture currently has a 52 bit limit on physical memory and only supports a 48 -bit virtual address space. This is 4 PB (4 × 10245 bytes) and 256 TB (256 × 10244 bytes), respectively. A PC cannot contain 4 Petabytes of memory (due to the size of current memory chips if nothing else) INCREASED LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY l 30

CONCLUSION! Although 64 bit provide multicores and multitasking efficiently , support wide busses & huge memory addressing This also increased complexity levels Decoding 32 bit is far easy and faster than 64 bit instructions � 64 bit can support up to 128 GB of primary memory still there is a huge gap called “PROCESSOR MEMORY PERFORMANCE GAP” that imply increasing the size of memory never increase speed or performance of CPU. � 1 gb RAM 760 MHz synchronized speed with Processor � 128 gb. RAM 800 MHz synchronized speed with Processor � l 31

RECENT UPDATES! INTEL LAUNCHES WORLD FASTEST PROCESSOR IDEA CALLED “INTEL GREEN”, SUPPORT MORE THAN 64 CORES(EACH OF 16 BIT) HAVING LOCAL MEMORY AND SHARED MEMORY WITH EACH CORE. FACING BIGGEST CHALLENGE OF WORLD “MEMORY MANAGEMENT” !!! l 32