31 Hazardous Materials Personal Protective Equipment Scene Safety

31 Hazardous Materials: Personal Protective Equipment, Scene Safety, and Scene Control

31 Objectives (1 of 5) • Describe personal protective equipment (PPE) used for hazardous materials incidents.

31 Objectives (2 of 5) • Identify the purpose, advantages, and limitations of the following items: – Structural firefighting protective clothing – High-temperature-protective clothing – Chemical-protective clothing – Liquid splash-protective clothing – Vapor-protective clothing.

31 Objectives (3 of 5) • Discuss respiratory protection in a hazardous material incident. • Describe the levels of hazardous materials personal protective equipment.

31 Objectives (4 of 5) • Identify skin-contact hazards encountered at hazardous materials incidents. • Describe the safety precautions to be observed, including those for heat and cold stress, when approaching and working at hazardous materials incidents.

31 Objectives (5 of 5) • Describe the physical capabilities required and limitations of personnel working in PPE. • Describe techniques used to isolate hazard areas and deny entry. • Describe the importance of the buddy system and backup personnel.

31 Introduction • At a hazardous materials incident, PPE, scene control, site management, and personal accountability are critical issues. • Safe handling of hazardous materials incident is often determined in the first 5 to 15 minutes

31 Levels of Damage • • • TLV-STEL TLV-TWA TLV-C Threshold limit value/skin PEL IDLH

31 Threshold Limit Value • The point at which the material begins to affect a person • Various definitions indicate the levels of protection that are required

31 TLV-STEL • Maximum concentration a person can be exposed to in 15 -minute intervals, up to four times a day without damage. • Minimum 1 hour rest between exposures • Lower the TLV-STEL, the more toxic the substance.

31 TLV-TWA • Maximum concentration a person can be exposed to 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week without damage • The lower the TLV-TWA, the more toxic the substance.

31 TLV-C • Maximum concentration a person can be exposed to, even for an instant. • The lower the TLV-C, the more toxic the substance.

31 Threshold Limit Value/Skin • Indicates the concentration at which direct exposure or airborne contact with a material could result in possible and significant exposure by absorption through the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes. • Take appropriate measures to minimize contact with the skin.

31 PEL • Also called the Recommended Exposure Level (REL) • Comparable to the TLV-TWA • Maximum, time-weighted concentration to which 95% of healthy adults can be exposed over a 40 -hour workweek without damage

31 IDLH (1 of 2) • An atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive, or asphyxiant that poses an immediate threat to life or could cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects

31 IDLH (2 of 2) • Three types of IDLH atmospheres: – Toxic – Flammable – Oxygen deficient • IDLH atmospheres require the use of SCBA or equivalent protection.

31 Determining Atmospheric Safety • Atmospheric monitoring requires specific training and equipment. • Three types of atmospheres at a hazardous materials incident: – Safe – Unsafe – Dangerous

31 Selection of Proper PPE • Potentially life-saving decision • The IC should approve the level of PPE to be used on an incident. • Fire fighters should not use PPE they have not been trained to use.

31 Types of PPE • • Street clothing and work uniforms Structural firefighting protective clothing High-temperature-protective clothing Chemical-protective clothing and equipment

31 Hazardous Materials Protection (1 of 2) • Street clothing and work uniforms – Offers no protection from hazardous materials • Structural firefighting protective clothing – Offers almost no chemical protection

31 Hazardous Materials Protection (2 of 2) • High-temperatureprotective clothing – Offers protection from high temperatures only

31 Chemical Protective Clothing and Equipment • Designed to prevent chemicals from coming in contact with the body – Have varying degrees of resistance • Chemical-resistant materials – Designed to inhibit or resist the passage of chemicals into and through the material by penetration, permeation, degradation.

31 Penetration • Flow or movement of a hazardous chemical through closures, seams, porous materials, pinholes, or other imperfections • Liquids and solids can penetrate.

31 Permeation • Process by which a hazardous chemical moves through a material at the molecular level • Occurs through the material itself, rather than through an opening in the material

31 Degradation • Physical destruction or decomposition of a material due to chemical exposure, general use, or ambient conditions • Usually evidenced by signs such as charring, shrinking, swelling, color changes, or dissolving

31 Garment Construction • Single piece – Completely encloses wearer – Known as an encapsulated suit or acid suit • Multipiece – Works with the wearer’s respiratory protection, an attached or detachable hood, gloves, and boots

31 Material Used In Construction • • • Butyl rubber Tyvek® Saranex PVC Vitron

31 Liquid Splash-Protective Clothing • Protects skin and eyes • Does not provide total body protection from gases or vapors

31 Vapor-Protective Clothing • Must be used when hazardous vapors are present • Traps heat and perspiration • SCBA or air-line hoses must be used

31 Respiratory Protection Devices • Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) • Supplied air respirator (SAR) • Air-purifying respirator (APR)

31 SCBA • Prevents exposure through inhalation or ingestion • Should be mandatory for fire service personnel • Fire fighters must know the limitations of SCBA

31 SAR • A hose connects the user to the air source and provides air to the face piece. • Useful during extended operations • Length of hose line may restrict movement.

31 APRs • Removes particulates and contaminants from the air • Should only be used when: – Type and amount of contaminants known – Atmosphere is not oxygen deficient. (1 of 2)

31 APRs (2 of 2) • Do not have a separate source of air • Ambient atmosphere must contain a minimum of 19. 5% oxygen. • Filtering cartridges are contaminant specific. • Atmosphere must be continuously monitored.

31 Level A Protection • Heavy encapsulating suit – Highest level of protection – Effective against vapors, gases, mists, dusts • Requires SCBA or SAR

31 Level B Protection • Chemical-protective clothing, boots, gloves, and SCBA • High respiratory protection but less skin protection required

31 Level C Protection • Standard work clothing plus chemical -protective clothing, chemical-resistant gloves, and a form of respiratory protection

31 Level D Protection • Lowest level of protection • Should be used for nuisance contamination only

31 Skin Contact Hazards (1 of 4) • Principal dangers of hazardous materials are toxicity, flammability, and reactivity. • Hazardous materials can harm the inadequately protected body. • Assume the worst, and leave the largest possible safety margin.

31 Skin Contact Hazards (2 of 4) • Skin can absorb harmful toxins without any sensation to the skin itself. – Do not rely on pain or irritation as a warning of absorption. – Some substances are lethal if only a few drops contact the skin.

31 Skin Contact Hazards (3 of 4) • Skin absorption is enhanced by abrasions, cuts, heat, and moisture. • Absorption rate depends on body part. – Chemicals are absorbed through the skin on the scalp much faster than through the forearm. – Eyes have one of the fastest means of exposure.

31 Skin Contact Hazards (4 of 4) • Corrosives will immediately damage skin or body tissues upon contact. – Acids • Have a strong affinity for moisture • Create a clot-like barrier that blocks deep skin penetration – Alkalis • Turns tissue to soapy liquid

31 Safety Precautions • Standard safety precautions for firefighting apply to hazardous materials incidents. • In addition, special attention must be paid to temperature and stress.

31 Excessive Heat Disorders • Fire fighters operating in protective clothing should be aware of the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion, heat stress, heat stroke and dehydration.

31 Heat Exhaustion (1 of 2) • Mild form of shock caused by overheating when the body cannot dissipate heat • Body’s core temperature rises causing weakness and profuse sweating followed by dizziness or blurred vision

31 Heat Exhaustion • Emergency action: – Remove victim from the source of heat. – Rehydrate – Provide cooling (2 of 2)

31 Heat Stroke (1 of 2) • Life-threatening condition resulting from the total failure of the body’s temperatureregulation capacity • Signs and symptoms include: – Reduction or cessation of sweating – Body temperature at or above 105 ºF – Rapid pulse

31 Heat Stroke (2 of 2) • Signs and symptoms (continued) – Hot skin – Headache – Confusion – Unconsciousness • This is a true medical emergency requiring immediate transport to a medical facility.

31 Dehydration • Prehydrate with 8 to 16 oz. of water before donning PPE. • Rehydrate with 16 oz. of water for each SCBA tank used.

31 Cooling Technologies (1 of 3) • Many response agencies employ some form of cooling technology under the garment – Air, ice, and water cooled vests – Phase change cooling technology – Each is designed to reduce the impact of heat stress on the body

31 Cooling Technologies (2 of 3) • Forced air-cooling systems – Operate by forcing pre-chilled air through a system of hoses worn close to the body. • Fluid-chilled systems – Operate by pumping ice-chilled liquids from a reservoir through a series of tubes held within a vest-like garment.

31 Cooling Technologies (3 of 3) • Passive systems (ice or gel packed vests) – Commonly used due to low cost – Designed to be worn around the torso • Phase change cooling technology – Similar to passive systems – Chilled to 60 °F – Fabric of the vest is designed to wick perspiration away from the body.

31 Cold-Temperature Exposures (1 of 3) • Two types of cold exposure: – Materials related • Liquefied gases and cryogenic materials expose fire fighters to the same low-temperature hazards as those created by cold-weather environments – Weather related • Temperature and wind speed • Still air is a poor conductor

31 Cold-Temperature Exposures (2 of 3) • Despite temperature, fire fighters will sweat. – Wet clothing extracts heat from the body up to 240 times faster than dry clothing. – May lead to hypothermia

31 Cold-Temperature Exposures (3 of 3) • Prevention – Wear appropriate, layered clothing. – Keep layers next to skin dry. – Warm shelters should be available.

31 Physical Capability Requirements • Hazardous materials response operations put a great deal of both physiological and psychological stress on responders. • Every emergency response organization should have a health and safety management program.

31 Medical Surveillance Program (1 of 2) • Cornerstone of the health and safety management system • Two primary objectives: – Determine fitness for duty – Detect changes in body system functions

31 Medical Surveillance Program (2 of 2) • Ongoing, systematic evaluation of response personnel • Fire fighters should be examined by a physician at least once a year.

31 Medical Monitoring (1 of 3) • Pre-entry – Vital signs – Skin inspection (rashes or open sores) – Should be completed within the hour before the fire fighter enters the hazardous environment

31 Medical Monitoring (2 of 3) • During the incident – Team member exhibits changes in gait, speech, or behavior – Anyone complaining of chest pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, weakness, nausea, or headache

31 Medical Monitoring (3 of 3) • After decontamination – Normal baseline values should be attained within 15 to 20 minutes – Anyone who does not return to baseline levels should be treated and transported to a definitive care facility – Vital signs should be checked every 5 to 10 minutes

31 Response Safety Procedures • Isolate and deny entry. • Eliminate ignition sources. • Operations cannot begin until the area is identified and the perimeter is secured

31 Control Zones (1 of 2) • Designated areas at a hazardous materials incident based upon safety and the degree of hazard • Labels: – Hot zone – Warm zone – Cold zone

31 Control Zones (2 of 2)

31 Hot Zone • Area immediately around the incident site • Contains personnel and equipment needed to control the release • Access is limited. • Entries and exits are logged. • Technicians only

31 Warm Zone • Staging area for entering and leaving the hot zone • Contains an access corridor and a decontamination corridor • Only essential personnel allowed. • Generally one level below what is used in the hot zone

31 Cold Zone • “Safe area” where special protective clothing is not needed • Cold zone operations include: – Personnel staging – Incident Command Post – EMS providers – Area for medical treatment

31 Isolation Techniques (1 of 2) • Approach from upwind and uphill. – Resist the urge to rush in. – Keep people away from the scene and outside the safety perimeter. – Identify the area verbally over the radio – Cordon off the area – Police officers should assist fire fighters

31 Isolation Techniques (2 of 2)

31 Buddy System and Backup Personnel • Backup personnel are used to ensure the safety of emergency crews. • The decontamination team must be in place before anyone enters the hot zone. • No one should enter the hot zone alone. • Team members should always remain within sight, sound, or touch of each other.

31 Summary (1 of 3) • PPE must be chosen specifically for the hazardous materials involved in an incident. • Four recognized levels of protective clothing • Use of respiratory protection is essential on most hazardous materials incidents.

31 Summary (2 of 3) • Be aware of and know how to handle both heat- and cold-related emergencies. • Monitor responder vital signs before, during, and after a hazardous materials incident. • Resist the urge to rush in.

31 Summary (3 of 3) • Only fire fighters trained to the technician or specialist levels should enter the hot zone. • Work in teams of two in the hot zone. • Ensure a backup team is prepared to enter the hot zone to effect a rescue.