30 Tube Sinking Definition Tube sinking is the

30 - Tube Sinking Definition: Tube sinking is the process of sizing the out side diameterof a tube by drawing the tube (cold or hot) through a die without supporting the tube internallywith the mandrel. Equipment : Draw-benches Materials : Carbon and alloy steels (including stainless steels), aluminum, copper and copper alloys. Parameters which influences in the process : Outside tube deameter, and tube thickness Applications : Thin Tubes

Tube Sinking

31 - Bending Definition: Bending is a forming operation widely used forming flat sheets into linear sections, such as angles, channels and hats. There are Two typical brake forming steps, air bending and die bending. In air bending, the workpiece is supported only at the outer edges so that the length of the ram stroke determines the bend angles of the part. In die bending, the sheet is forced into a female die cavity of the required part angle. Equipment : Mechanical and hydraulic presses brakes Materials : Carbon and alloy steels, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, iron-, nikel and cobalt-base superalloys, molybdenum alloys, beryllium and tangsten Applications : Production of linear shapes from sheet and plate

Bending

32 - Roll Bending (three –Roll forming) Definition: Roll bending gives a curvature to a sheet, bar or shaped section by bending it between two or three cylindrical rolls that can be adjusted Equipment : Roll-Bending machines, pinch-roll-type machines, pyramid-roll-type machines. Materials : Carbon and alloy steels, aluminum alloys, copper, titanium alloys. Applications : Cylinders for pressure tanks, corrugated pipe, canes for hoppers, regular and irregular shapes from structural section for submarines, aircraft and nuclear reactors

Roll Bending (Three-Roll Forming)

33 - Contour Roll Forming Definition: This process is used to produce long components of various, cross sections. The sheet metal formed by passing it through a succession of progressively shaped power-driven contoured rolls. ipment : Roll forming machine. Materials : Carbon and alloy steels, titanium alloys, iron-nickel- and cobalt-base superalloys, molybdenum alloys, niobium alloys. . Parameters which influences in the process : rolls shape profile Applications : Production of large quantities of complex structural shapes from sheet

Contour Roll Forming

34 -Creep Forming Definition: Pressure is applied to the irregularly shaped or preformed part placed against a heated die. In contact with the hot die, the part is heated and assumes the desired shape against the die by slow creep deformation. Equipment : Special creep forming presses Materials : Aluminum and titanium. Applications : Forming of parts for the aerospace industry.

Over Form Tool Creep forming Panel Applied Heat and Pressure Formed Panel

35 - Die Quench Forming Definition: In die quench forming, the heated workpiece is formed between cold dies under high forming pressure without allowing it to contract during forming. The percentage of stretch introduced in the metal is proportional to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the alloy at the processing temperature. Equipment : Hydraulic presses. Materials : Aluminum and titanium alloys Applications : Forming of complex parts that are to be formed free from warpage and residual stresses.

Die quench forming

36 - Spinning Definition: spinning is the process of shaping seamless dihed part by the combined forces of rotation and pressure. Spinning dose not result in any change in thickness Equipment : Modified laths, Spinningmachine Materials : Carbon and alloy steels, titanum alloys, iron-nickel-and cobalt-base superalloys, molybdenum alloys, niobium alloys, berllium and tungsten. Parameters which influences in the process : rotational speed , feed and material thickness Applications : Forming of flanges, rolled rims, cups, cones and double-curved surfaces of revolution, such as bells.

Spinning