3 Understanding Human Development Objective Distinguish between growth

3 Understanding Human Development

Objective • Distinguish between growth and development. © Vanessa Nel/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Understanding Human Development • Growth refers to physical changes • Stages of development are similar for almost everyone © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

For Discussion • What is the difference between growth and development? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Objective • Identify the main types of human development. © spotmatik/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Physical Development • Physical development includes – gross-motor skills, such as walking and throwing – fine-motor skills, such as picking up objects and eating with a spoon © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Cognitive Development • Cognition involves – knowing – memorizing – sensing – organizing © Stock. Lite/Shutterstock continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Cognitive Development • Cognitive development is also called intellectual development • Cognitive skills increase gradually over time • Connections between brain nerve cells is key to cognitive development • Brain connections strengthen with experiences starting in infancy © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Social-Emotional Development • Social-emotional development includes – relationships – feelings – social skills – self-confidence and self-esteem – self-control continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Social-Emotional Development • Challenges increase as development progresses © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Objective • Develop examples that illustrate principles of development. © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Principles of Human Development • Development is relatively orderly • Developing is a gradual, continual process • Development is interrelated • Development varies among individuals © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Development Is Relatively Orderly • Development occurs in a sequence of steps • Predictable steps consistently follow one after another • Teachers use this knowledge to design appropriate learning strategies for their students’ age © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

For Discussion • Give examples of how development occurs in predictable steps. © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Development Is a Gradual, Continuous Process • Developmental changes happen gradually • They become apparent over time © Kharidehal Abhirama Ashwin /Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Development Is Interrelated • Acquiring new skills requires gains in several areas – Physical development – Cognitive development – Social development – Emotional development © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

For Reflection • As a teen, in what ways have you developed physically? cognitively? socially? emotionally? © Archipoch/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Development Varies Among Individuals • Many factors affect development • Each person’s progress is unique – Different rates – Slightly different time schedules © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Objectives • Define a developmental theory. • Apply developmental theories to real-life situations. © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Theories of Development • Researchers formulate developmental theories by – analyzing behavior and development – observing people – performing experiments – considering earlier research studies continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Theories of Development • Developmental theories help teachers – understand what students are capable of and why – get a broader picture than limited experiences and observations provide • Many developmental theories exist © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Heredity Versus Environment • Nature (heredity) versus nurture (environment) © Felix Mizionikov/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. continued Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Heredity Versus Environment • Both influence development • Researchers question how large a part each plays in development • Genes affect – biological factors – intellectual potential – environment a person seeks out continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Heredity Versus Environment • Behaviors involve multiple genes affected by a variety of environmental factors • No single gene determines behavior © marema/Shutterstock continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Heredity Versus Environment • Environmental factors include – family—often the greatest effect on development • Parenting techniques • Stimulating home environment – peers—influence increases in later childhood and adolescence • Offer equal status, unlike adult-child relationships continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Heredity Versus Environment – community—where a person lives can affect behavior and career expectations • Relationship with feelings of self-worth • Some offer more cultural opportunities – media—often blamed for social problems • Also depends on how a person interprets the message • Effects may not be immediately apparent continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Heredity Versus Environment – health—some diseases and illnesses interrupt normal development • Availability of health care is also a factor – nutrition and physical activity—can affect physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

For Reflection • Which do you think has influenced your development more, heredity or environment? © Archipoch/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Behaviorist Theories • Behaviorism: behavior determined by forces in the environment beyond individuals’ control • People’s thoughts, feeling, and actions depend on experience rather than genetics or free will • Infants are “blank screens” © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning • Classical conditioning—behaviors are associated with responses – Pavlov rang bell when feeding dog – Eventually when Pavlov rang bell, dog salivated even if no food was given • Classical conditioning may occur without training © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning • Operant conditioning—people repeat behaviors that have positive results • Reinforcement should be removed gradually in unpredictable patterns • Negative reinforcement (punishment) reduces unwanted behaviors © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory • People of all ages observe and imitate others’ behavior © Lobke Peers/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. continued Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory • Reactions to rewards and punishments are filtered by perceptions, thoughts, and motivation • Each person’s response is based on personal reactions and the way the individual processes information © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory • Four stages of cognitive development • At each stage, individuals incorporate what they learn into skills developed in previous stages • Children base their thinking on what they learn through their senses continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory Age Stage Description Infancy (Birth to age 2) Sensorimotor Learn through senses Toddler (Ages 2 to 7) Preoperational Communicate through language Early childhood (Ages 7 to 11) Concrete operational Think logically, solve problems Adolescence and adulthood (Age 12 and up) Formal operational Think logically and abstractly, make predictions © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory • Children are social beings • Develop through interactions with parents, teachers, other students • Social interaction is critical to cognitive development © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory • Eight stages • At each stage, people face and must successfully resolve a psychological or social conflict • Unsuccessful resolution affects future stages of development continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Stage/Age Infancy Toddler Early childhood Middle childhood Adolescence Young adulthood Middle adulthood Older adulthood Task Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and doubt Initiative versus guilt Industry versus inferiority Identity versus role confusion Intimacy versus isolation Generativity versus self-absorption Integrity versus despair © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

For Reflection • Which of Erikson’s stages have you already successfully completed? How do you know? © Archipoch/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development • Everyone follows the same progression • Not everyone attains the highest level © i. Qoncept/Shutterstock continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development • Preconventional morality—depends on whether behavior will be punished or rewarded • Conventional morality—motivated by society’s laws and rules • Postconventional morality—decisions based on principles and motivated by integrity continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development • Kohlberg observed only men and boys, no females • Researchers such as Carol Gilligan believe women use ideas such as caring as a factor in making moral decisions © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Objective • Analyze how developmental theories impact teaching. © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Which Theory Is Correct? • Each theory is valid to some extent • Some theories may be more sound than others • Conflict between theories leads to more valid insights • Teachers can benefit from understanding several approaches and applying them in the classroom © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

For Discussion • Which theory discussed do you think would be most valuable to you as a teacher? Why? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Key Points • Principles of development help in understanding how people change throughout life • Researchers form developmental theories based on their observations and experiments • Teachers use theories to help promote their students’ development © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review • ____-____ skills depend on the development of small muscles. Ø Fine-motor • Name four basic principles of human development. Ø Development is relatively orderly; is a gradual, continual process; is interrelated; varies among individuals continued © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review • Which behaviorist developed a theory of operant conditioning? Ø B. F. Skinner • What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive theory? Ø sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.