3 rd4 th Lesson By Christos N Hadjichristidis

3 rd-4 th Lesson By Christos N. Hadjichristidis

Today’s attractions: § ‘ΑΡΧΗ ΗΜΙΣΥ ΠΑΝΤΟΣ’ (The beginning is half the whole) Aristotle ~350 BC § Review of tricky diphthong/double-consonants sounds § Simple grammar ( articles, nouns, pronouns, the verb to be, …. ) § Saying what nationality you are and where you are from and whether you are on holidays or business (‘Nationalities’ activity) § Using the numbers 0 – 12 (‘International song competition’ activity) § Watch a short movie about Greece

Two letter vowels (diphthongs) Letter Upper & lower case ΑΙ, αι ΕΙ, ει ΟΙ, οι ΟΥ, ου Name of letter Greek Transliteration άλφα – γιώτα έψιλονγιώτα όμικρονύψιλον Letter Sound Examples as in : álfa-yóta e set épsilonyóta ómikronípsilon machine/ these put/soon ι/e i/e u/oo

Two letter vowels (diphthongs) Letter Upper & lower case ΑΥ, αυ ΕΥ, ευ Name of letter Greek άλφα – ύψιλον έψιλονύψιλον Transliteration álfaípsilon épsilonípsilon Letter Sound Examples as in : af, θ, κ, ξ av β, γ, δ, ef θ, κ, ξ ev β, γ, δ, after, π, σ, φ, χ, ψ avenue ζ, λ, μ, ν, ρ effort π, σ, φ, χ, ψ ever ζ, λ, μ, ν, ρ

Let’s Practice – try to pronounce the following words Greek word Meaning ευτυχία happiness ευεργέτης benefactor ευσυνείδητος μοίρα conscientious dutiful fate γουρούνι pig κουμπαράς cash box υιοθετώ adopt Transliteration

Double-vowels are pronounced separately if: § A diaeresis diacritic (i. e. : “¨”) falls upon the second of the two adjacent vowels (i. e. : γαϊδάρου “donkey” [gen. ]). § An accent falls upon the first of the two adjacent vowels (i. e. : γάιδαρος “donkey [nom]). However, if the accent falls upon the second of the two adjacent vowels then a diaeresis is needed in order for the vowels to be pronounced separately! (i. e. : καΐκι [wooden boat, ketch]).

Try to pronounce the following tricky words Greek word χαϊδεύω θεϊκός πλάι διυλιστήριο ευνοϊκός μυϊκός νεράιδα Meaning caress divine aside refinery favourable muscular fairy Transliteration

Two-letters consonants Letter Upper & lower case γγ γκ μπ ντ Name of letter Greek Transliteration Letter Sound Examples as in : Γάμαγάμα Γάμακάπα ghámakápa ng, England g/ ng go/ England μι – πι νιταυ mi – pi nitáf b/ mp d/ nd Boy/ amber day/ end

Two-letters consonants (double sounds) Letter Upper & lower case Name of letter Greek Transliteration Letter Sound Examples as in : γκ γάμακάπα ghámakápa g/ ng go/ England μπ μι – πι νιταυ mi – pi nitáf b/ mp d/ nd Boy/ amber day/ end ντ

Let’s Practice – try to pronounce the following words Greek word Meaning Αγγλία England γκολφ golf άγκυρα anchor άγχος stress μπράβο bravo λάμπα lamp ντομάτα tomato Transliterat ion

Two same-letter consonants (one letter sound) Letter Upper & lower case ββ κκ λλ μμ Name of letter Greek βήτα κάπα – κάπα λάμδα μιμι Transliteration víta kápa – kápa lámtha mimi Letter Sound Examples as in : v vet k kept l let m met

Two same-letter consonants (one letter sound) Letter Upper & lower case Name of letter Greek Transliteration Letter Sound Examples as in : νν νι- νι ni-ni n net ππ πι – πι pi -pi p pet ρρ ρο – ρο ro -ro r rent σσ σίγμα ταυταυ sígma -sígma táftáf s set t tent ττ

Let’s Practice – try to pronounce the following words Greek word Meaning μοντέρνο modern τζατζίκι τσιγάρο yogurtcucumber dip cigarette Σάββατο Saturday εκκεντρικός eccentric μέταλλο metal πρόγραμμα program Transliteration

Try to guess the meaning § You've learned the entire Greek alphabet, plus the double vowels and double consonants. At this point, you should be able to read any Greek word that you see. Try your hand at it. These words are called cognates, which means that they are words that sound like words you already know in English. Hint: some of them are names of cities and countries. Greek word Ιταλία λεμόνι μέθοδος Αθήνα ελέφαντας Meaning?

Nouns § In English as in Greek a noun is a word that names a person, thing or concept (e. g. άντρας [man], βασίλισσα [queen], ελπίδα (hope)) § Every Greek noun belongs to one of the following gender classes: masculine, feminine or neutral. These do not correspond to the division between male, female and inanimate.

Some Examples Masculine Feminine Neutral άνθρωπος ράφτης κύκλος person tailor circle μητέρα ελευθερία στέγη mother freedom roof μολύβι λεπτό κορίτσι pencil minute girl

How on Earth we can guess the gender of a given Greek noun? Some tips: § All masculine nouns (nominative/singular) ends in “ς” § Almost all feminine nouns end in either “α or η” § Most neuter nouns end in “ο, ι, or μα” § Of course, there are exceptions, and there are those words ending in “ος”, which can be any gender.

Luckily for us, nouns don't exist in isolation. In Greek, as in English, you'll almost always find a noun in company with an article. . . But before diving into definite/indefinite article we must discuss number & case since in Greek articles are declined for gender, number and case (Oh dear!) § In Greek, number is always indicated in the inflection of noun phrases. Almost all nouns, pronouns and determiners have one set of case forms for the singular and another for the plural (exceptions: indeclinable nouns of foreign origin [i. e. : μπάρμαν, ελίτ, πάρτι] & all the letters of the names of the letters of the Greek alphabet)

Case English Grammar Terminology Greek name Subject Nominative case Genitive case Accusative case Vocative Ονομαστική Possessive Object Addressing Γενική Αιτιατική Κλητική

Case continued. . § Thus, for each of the two numbers each noun has a set of endings which indicates the syntactical function of the case in the clause § Ready for a big Surprise? We do this in English, too: It only happens with pronouns, and you probably never even notice it until someone points out how they change their form when their usage changes: She went to the store. The clerk greeted her and handed over a small package. The new camera was hers at last!

The forms of the definite article Singular Plural M F N Nominative ο η το οι οι τα Accusative τον τη(ν)* το Genitive του της τους τις τα του των των * Has a ν ending when the word immediately following begins with a vowel or with any of the following consonants/consonant combinations: κ, π, τ , γκ, μπ, ντ, ξ, ψ

The forms of the indefinite article Neutral Nominative Masculin Feminine e ένας μια Accusative ένα(ν)* μια(ν)* ένα Genitive ενός μιας ενός ένα The forms of the indefinite article are identical to those of the numeral one, except of the feminine (μια) which are pronounced as one syllable, while those of the numeral can be pronounced as two-syllable word (μία) *The final n is not obligatory and may be used before words beginning with a vowel or any of the consonants: κ, π, τ, ξ or ψ

Some examples Masculine in –ας (γείτονας – neighbor). Fill in the appropriate definite and indefinite article Singular Plural γείτονας γείτονες γείτονα γειτόνων Nom. Acc. /Voc. Gen

Some examples Masculine in –ας. Try to decline the word (μάρτυρας – agent) Singular Nom. Acc. /Voc. Gen Plural

Some examples Masculine in –ας. Try to decline the word (αγκώνας – elbow). Tip: Nouns stressed in the penultimate syllable have no shift of stress! Singular Nom. Acc. /Voc. Gen Plural

Some examples Feminine in –α (ελπίδα – hope). Fill in the appropriate definite and indefinite article Singular Plural ελπίδα ελπίδες ελπίδας ελπίδων Nom. Acc. /Voc. Gen

Some examples Feminine in –α. Try to decline the word (μητέρα – mother). Singular Nom. Acc. /Voc. Gen Plural

Some examples Feminine in –α. Try to decline the word (κλίμακα – scale). Singular Nom. Acc. /Voc. Gen Plural

Some examples Neutral in –o (θέατρο - theatre). Fill in the appropriate definite and indefinite article Singular Plural Nom. /Acc. /Voc. θέατρο θέατρα Gen θεάτρων θεάτρου

Some examples Neutral in –o. Decline the noun άλογο (horse) Singular Nom. /Acc. /Voc. Gen Plural

Greek numbers 0 -12 0 μηδέν mee. THen 1 ένα ena 2 δύο 3 τρία 4 7 epta /efta τέσσερα επτά/ εφτά dheeo 8 οκτώ/ οχτώ treea 9 εννέα/ εννία tessera 10 δέκα 5 πέντε pende 11 ένδεκα en. THeka 6 έξι exee 12 δώδεκα THo. THeka okto/ ohto ennea/ ennia THeka

The verb to be The verb “to be” is irregular, i. e. the pattern of the personal endings is not the same as for any other verb, so it needs to be memorized. The present tense form follows: Sg. 1 είμαι I am Pl. 2 3 1 2 2 3 είσαι είναι είμαστε είσαστε είναι you are (s)he/it is we are You are they are

Dialogue practice