3 R 2005 Reduce Reuse Recycle 2 Generation

3 R 坂田裕輔 (2005)，ごみの環境経済学 Reduce Reuse Recycle 2. Generation 4

3 R 2. Generation 6

3 R 2. Generation 7

3 R 2. Generation 8

低位發熱量之推算法 n 由三成分推算 n 由元素組成推估 Dulong式 Steuer式 Scheurer. Kestner式 2. Generation 33

(1 lb = 0. 453592 kg) U. S Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (2009) Renewable Energy Annual 2007. 2. Generation 39

2. Generation 41

Heller, M. C. and G. A. Keoleian (2000) Life Cycle-Based Sustainability Indicators for Assessment of the U. S. Food System (CSS 00 -04). 2. Generation 42

台灣地區垃圾量及處理方式變動 時間( 年度) 清運總量 ( 萬公噸 ) 焚化(%) 衛生 掩埋(%) 一般 掩埋(%) 堆肥(%) 堆置(%) 其他(%) 妥善處 理率(%) 毎人毎 日垃圾 量(Kg) 78 625. 87 1. 36 58. 61 30. 38 0. 20 ─ 9. 45 60. 17 0. 896 79 684. 45 1. 14 58. 14 29. 90 1. 65 ─ 9. 17 60. 93 0. 963 80 723. 90 0. 40 59. 72 33. 28 0. 08 ─ 6. 52 60. 20 1. 001 81 800. 12 3. 19 63. 59 26. 86 0. 10 ─ 6. 27 66. 88 1. 087 82 821. 73 3. 03 61. 95 29. 81 ─ ─ 5. 21 64. 98 1. 101 83 849. 28 4. 86 65. 64 24. 24 0. 02 ─ 5. 25 70. 52 1. 121 84 870. 77 14. 94 50. 10 29. 14 0. 07 ─ 5. 74 65. 11 1. 138 85 873. 64 15. 62 55. 22 23. 93 0. 03 ─ 5. 20 70. 87 1. 135 86 888. 08 19. 05 57. 76 17. 30 0. 16 ─ 5. 73 76. 97 1. 143 87 888. 05 19. 36 62. 25 12. 11 0. 01 3. 30 1. 73 82. 86 1. 135 88 856. 57 23. 18 61. 58 9. 84 0. 22 2. 81 0. 64 86. 71 1. 082 89 785. 40 41. 01 48. 53 8. 85 0. 01 1. 58 1. 51 90. 17 0. 976 90年 725. 47 51. 51 41. 31 5. 98 0 1. 21 1. 01 93. 35 0. 895 2. Generation 43

台灣地區垃圾性質之變化情形 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 24. 86 27. 84 29. 98 32. 17 30. 95 29. 13 32. 77 35. 38 26. 37 26. 55 纖維布類 (%) 3. 97 5. 13 4. 81 6. 21 5. 05 5. 80 5. 27 5. 20 6. 06 4. 81 木竹稻草落葉類 (%) 5. 06 5. 79 4. 69 5. 82 5. 89 4. 86 4. 81 4. 89 3. 36 4. 06 廚餘類 (%) 25. 73 23. 47 23. 5 17. 94 18. 97 24. 90 18. 29 21. 83 27. 76 27. 32 塑膠類 (%) 19. 14 18. 01 18. 9 18. 27 17. 83 19. 57 20. 14 19. 85 22. 00 21. 10 皮革橡膠類 (%) 1. 73 1. 55 0. 88 1. 08 1. 13 0. 83 0. 60 1. 35 0. 48 其他類 (%) 2. 45 1. 15 4. 3 3. 34 4. 72 2. 11 4. 54 1. 97 0. 44 0. 56 金屬類 (%) 7. 07 7. 65 5. 78 6. 05 6. 28 5. 33 5. 66 3. 80 3. 73 3. 53 玻璃類 (%) 7. 69 7. 44 4. 94 5. 59 5. 67 4. 95 5. 84 4. 99 7. 31 5. 03 陶磁類 (%) 0. 83 0. 92 0. 98 1. 64 1. 56 1. 26 0. 71 0. 51 0. 29 0. 56 石頭類及土砂 (%) 1. 48 1. 04 1. 32 2. 11 2. 01 0. 96 1. 21 0. 53 1. 33 0. 82 可燃物合計 (%) 82. 94 86. 98 84. 63 84. 49 87. 50 86. 58 90. 17 87. 34 89. 38 不可燃物合計 (%) 17. 07 17. 05 13. 02 15. 39 15. 52 12. 50 9. 83 12. 66 10. 62 紙　類 (%) 乾 基 物 理 組 成 化 學 組 成 可 燃 物 不 可 燃 物 三 成 分 水　分 (%) 51. 97 51. 06 53. 21 48. 14 50. 6 46. 03 51. 06 50. 76 45. 02 55. 80 灰　分 (%) 16. 15 16. 02 12. 43 14. 4 13. 79 13. 12 12. 60 10. 08 14. 07 11. 34 可燃分 (%) 31. 88 32. 92 34. 36 37. 47 35. 61 40. 85 36. 34 39. 16 40. 91 32. 86 熱 値 高位發熱量 (kcal/kg) 1760 1912 1978 2334 2106 2289 2193 2123 2370 1968 低位發熱量 (kcal/kg) 1294 1458 1520 1742 1650 1777 1739 1651 1889 1541 2. Generation 44

Waste Quantities MIXED URBAN WASTE -LARGE CITIES kg/capita/day % collection % safe disposal n n n Low Income: Middle Income: High Income: 0. 5 to 0. 7 0. 6 to 1. 1 0. 8 to 2. 2 2. Generation 10 -50 30 -90 100 0 -10 20 -60 90 -100 46

RCRA Subtitle D Wastes n MSW n SQG hazardous waste n Household hazardous wastes n Construction and Demolition debris n Municipal sludge n Agricultural wastes n Non-hazardous industrial wastes n Oil and gas wastes n Mining wastes n Combustion ash (Small Quantity Generators) SQGs generate 100 - 1000 kilograms of HW per month. 2. Generation 49

MSW - RCRA Definition n Durable goods n Non-durable goods n Containers/Packaging n Food wastes n Yard wastes n Miscellaneous inorganic 2. Generation 50

MSW - Textbook Definition n n n n Mixed household waste recyclables household hazardous waste commercial waste yard waste litter bulky items construction & demolitions waste 2. Generation 51

What are the sources of RCRA Subtitle-D Wastes? n n n n Residential Commercial Institutional Industrial Agricultural Treatment Plants Open Areas (streets, parks, etc. ) 2. Generation 52

What is the Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes? n n n n Organic Inorganic Putrescible (易腐敗的) Combustible Recyclable Hazardous Infectious 2. Generation 53

Importance of Generation Rates n Compliance with Federal/state diversion requirements n Equipment selection, n Collection and management decisions n Facilities design n Methodology n Materials Flow n Load Count 2. Generation 54

Factors Affecting Generation Rates n n n Source reduction/recycling Geographic location Season Home food waste grinders Collection Frequency GNP trend, Per capita income n n n 2. Generation Legislation Public attitudes Size of households Population density Pay-As-You Throw Programs Population increase 55

EU Waste Generation Study n Studied correlation between waste generation and: n n n Population density Age distribution Employment GDP Infant mortality Life expectancy Average household size Unemployment Tourism Waste generation has grown steadily in Europe for over 20 years 2. Generation 56

Strongest Correlation n Generation increases with: n Population n Age distribution (fraction in 15 -39, employment) n The rate of increase in GDP (for example Poland, Spain and Slovakia n Generation decreases with average household size n Low income areas had low amounts of plastics, paper and cardboard, but not 2. Generation organics 57

Composition Studies n Materials Flow n Manual Sorting 2. Generation 58

Manual Sorting Methodology n Study Planning n Sample Plan n Sampling Procedure n Data Interpretation 2. Generation 59

Sample Plan n Load Selection n Number of Samples 2. Generation 60

Sampling Procedure n Vehicle Unloading n Sample Selection and Retrieval n Container Preparation n Sample Placement n Sorting 2. Generation 61

Data Interpretation n Weighted Average based on Generator Source Composition/Distribution n Contamination Adjustment 2. Generation 62

Specific Weight n n Values: 600 -900 lb/yd 3 (356 -534 kg/m 3) as delivered Function of location, season, storage time, equipment used, processing (compaction, shredding, etc. ) 2. Generation 63

Moisture content (MC) n Weight or volume based n Weight: wt. of water/sample wt. n n MCwet= Wwater/(Wwater+Wsolids) n MCdry= Wwater/Wsolids Volume: Vwater/Vsample 2. Generation 67

Chemical Composition n Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy (WTE) calculations but can also be used to estimate biological and chemical behaviors n Waste consists of combustible (i. e. paper) and non-combustible materials (i. e. glass) 2. Generation 68

Proximate Analysis n Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 ℃) n Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 ℃, closed crucible) n Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM) n Ash (temp = 950 ℃ , open crucible) 2. Generation 69

Ultimate Analysis n Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, S, etc. ) n Table in notes 2. Generation 70

Typical Data on the Ultimate Analysis - Example n Food Wastes n Carbon: 48% n Hydrogen: 6. 5% n Oxygen: 37. 6% n Nitrogen: 2. 6% n Sulfur: 0. 4% n Ash: 5% 2. Generation 71

Energy Content n Models are derived from physical composition and from ultimate analysis n Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters n Individual waste component energy contents 2. Generation 72

Empirical Equations n Modified Dulong formula (wet basis): BTU/lb = 145 C + 610(H 2 -02/8)+ 40 S + 10 N n Model based on proximate analysis Kcal/kg = 45 B - 6 W B = Combustible volatile matter in MSW (%) W = Water, percent weight on dry basis 2. Generation 73

垃圾處理計畫 2. Generation 74

2. Generation 76

Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) 2. Generation 77

What is HHW? Complex regulatory structure Wood Batteries Pesticides preservatives Photochemicals Oil Not hazardous unless separately collected HHW Fluorescent lamps Medicines WEEE Detergents Paint As defined in the European Waste Catalogue and Hazardous Waste Regulations (England & Wales) 2005 2. Generation 78

Hazardous substances in household waste: PAINT VEHICLE MEDICINES PESTICIDES Toluene; White spirit; Dichlofluanid; Nonylphenol Petroleum distillates; MTBE Paracetamol; Ibuprofen; Antibiotics Mecoprop; 2, 4 -D; Glyphosate CLEANING AGENTS Ethylenediamine; Isopropylbenzene; Na/K OH BATTERIES Heavy metals e. g. Cadmium 2. Generation 79

HHW generation PURCHASE USE TO DEPLETION DISPOSE BEFORE EMPTY STORAGE DISPOSAL OF EMPTY CONTAINERS TRACE HHW CONTENT DISPOSAL DURING CLEAR-OUTS DISPOSAL IMMEDIATELY HHW 2. Generation 80

Pathways into the Environment From Env. Health Persp. 2005, 113 (12) p 1705 -1711 2. Generation 81

http: //www. pref. oita. jp/13400/gomi/ 2. Generation 85

2. Generation 86