3 Grammar Study 3 1 Tense of Verbs

3. Grammar Study 3. 1 Tense of Verbs: simple past, past progressive, past perfect • II. Grammar • Adverbial Clauses of Cause and Effect （注意下面斜体的部分在ppt中要保持斜 体） • This type of clause explains the reasons for what happens in the main clauses. • Conjunctions, like because, as, since, now (that), are often used in the adverbial clauses of cause. ★ Because is used when the reason is the most import part of the sentence. Therefore, the because-clause usually comes at the end. ★ As and since are used when the reason is already well-known, or is less important than the rest of the sentence. They can also mean “in view of the fact that”. As- and Since- clauses often begin the sentence. ★ Now that has a meaning very close to as and since.

• We use so … that to say that a result happens because something has a quality to a particular extent. so is used before adverbs or adjectives. • Practice • Choose the best answer: 1. Because he was tired, he scored poorly on the exam, ___ into the university. a. this will cause him to not be admitted b. this is a fact which will cause him to not be admitted c. which will cause him to not be admitted d. which will cause him to not admit 2. ___ the TOEFL with a score of 550, he will be admitted into the university. a. Now that he passes b. That he has passed c. Now, he has passed d. Now that he has passed 3. Since July 4 th is a holiday, ___ have to go to work. a. so we do not b. we do not c. as a result, we do not d. thus, we do not

1. You yourself had to go back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his own company. a. and he needed b. because he needed c. which he needed d. because he need 2. ___ have to work today, we should go to Laguna Beach. a. For we do not b. We do not c. Since we do not d. Since we do no 3. Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit ill. a. , she is b. because she c. because she is d. which is she is 4. ___, the temperature should begin dropping. a. Now that the sun setting b. Now that the sun set c. The sun setting d. Now that the sun has set

1. ___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skills. a. Learn how to write b. Learning how write c. Learning how to write d. Learning how to write it is 2. ___, the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think, read, and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interest. a. A requirement at most universities b. It is a requirement at most universities c. A requirement at most universities it is d. Requirement at most universities • Keys • 1 c 2 d 3 b 4 b 5 c 6 c 7 d 8 c 9 a • 3. 2 Tense • Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time and indicates when the situation takes place. In languages which have tense, it is usually indicated by a verb or modal verb, often combined with categories such as aspect, mood, and voice. • Tense places temporal references along a conceptual timeline. This differs from “aspect”, which encodes how a situation or action occurs in time rather than “when”. Typical tenses are present, past, and future.

• • Practice Complete the following letter with the appropriate forms of the verbs given. Dear Peter, Do you by any chance know where Bob is? I ____ (like) to find out because I just _____ (hear) of a job that exactly ____ (suit) him, but if he _____ (not apply) fairly soon, of course he _____ (not get) it. last I _____ (see) him about month a ago, when he just ____ (leave) his job with the film company. He _____ (say) he ____ (go) to France for a holiday and _____ (promise) to send me a postcard with his French address as soon as he ____ (find) a place to stay. But I ____ (hear) nothing since then and _____ (not know) even whether he _____ (go) to France or not. If you _____ (know) his address, I ____ (be) very grateful if you ____ (phone) me. I ____ (try) to phone you several times but your phone _____ (not seem) to be working. • Yours, • Jack

• • • Key: Dear Peter, Do you by any chance know where Bob is? I should / would like to find out because I have just heard of a job that would exactly suit him, but if he doesn’t apply fairly soon, of course he won’t get it. eaving was ust his / month left just had • about him ago, when saw a last he I job with the film company. He said he was going to France for a holiday and promised to send me a postcard with his French address as soon as he (had) found a place to stay. But I have heard nothing since then and don’t know even whether he went to France or not. • If you know his address, I should be / would be very grateful if you would phone me. I have tried to phone you several times but your phone doesn’t seem to be working.