3 1 ELECTRICAL ENERGY Electrical Energy is the

3. 1 ELECTRICAL ENERGY - Electrical Energy is the energy of charged particles. - Energy: - Is the ability to do work - It is never created nor destroyed - It is transformed from one kind of energy to another (ex. Electrical energy that is used to run your phone was transformed from another type of energy)

Different Types of Energy - Mechanical Energy: is the sum of kinetic and potential energy - Kinetic Energy (Energy of Motion) ex. Any moving object has KE - Potential Energy (Stored Energy – energy to want to do something) ex. Holding something before you let it go - Chemical Energy (Stored in chemical bonds) ex. Released in chemical reactions such as batteries or fossil fuels - Solar Energy (Energy from the Sun) - Nuclear Energy (Energy from forming new atoms) - Thermal Energy (Energy from rapid motion of particles on the atomic level) ex. Heat

Energy in Canada - Most electrical energy in Canada is generated by changing kinetic energy into electrical energy - Use of moving water or wind - Some electrical energy is generated from fossil fuels and nuclear reactions

3. 2 Charge -Recall: - Protons have a positive charge, but are stuck in the nucleus - Electrons have a negative charge and are free to move - Neutrons have no charge and are also in the nucleus - If the number of positive charges equals the number of negative charges, then the material is said to be neutral -Electric Charge comes from the addition or removal of electrons

- Static charge: electric charges that can be collected and held in one place Friction and Electron Transfer - When two objects are rubbed together, the friction allows electrons to be transferred from one material to another (ex. Rubbing socks on carpet) - If these charged objects are touched by other things (ex. Table, your hand), then the charged object can return to neutral by gaining or removing the necessary electrons.

Conductors and Insulators - Conductors are materials that allow electrons to flow easily; Insulators do not - Conductor Examples: - Metals - Insulator Examples: - Glass, Plastic, Rubber, Ceramics

- The tendency to gain or lose electrons is show on this scale (Triboelectric Series). - If two object are rubbed together, electrons will be transferred to the object with the great tendency to gain electrons (Further to the right)

Generating Static Charge -Static charge can be generated with a Van De Graaf Generator - Static charge is produced on the belt at the bottom. - The charge is transferred to the metal dome at the top.

Grounding - Charged objects want to return to neutral. They will often achieve this through the least work. - Grounding is allowing extra charge to flow into Earth’s Surface. - Ex. Lightning rods allow for excess static electricity in the atmosphere to be released into the ground. - Electrical Appliances can be grounded by connected a wire to the metal frame.

Electric Force - A force is a push or pull. - Electric Force is a non-contact force between two objects. - The strength of the electric force depends on two things: - The distance between the objects (Farther is weaker; closer is stronger) - The amount of charge (More is stronger; less is weaker)

LAWS OF STATIC CHARGE 1. Opposite charges attract 2. Like charges repel 3. Neutral objects are attracted to charged objects.

Conduction - Conduction is the process of transferring charge between objects by touching Induction - Charged objects attracting neutral objects is explained by induction. - Induction is the process of rearranging electrons on the neutral object by bringing a charged object close to it. - This creates a charged effect on the neutral object.