28 Stramenopiles 29 32 33 30 31 Heterokont

28 Stramenopiles 29 32 33 30 31

Heterokont Flagellae

Stramenopile Phylogeny Fig. 12. 4 in Graham et al. 2008 Aureochrome (Blue-Light Receptor)

Diatoms 1 2 3

Marine, Freshwater

Pelagic 7 Benthic 8

Plankton Periphyton 24

9 Epiphytic Epizoic Endophytic Epilithic 11 (Foraminfera)

Ocean Sediments 14

Primary Productivity: 20% of Global Carbon Fixation 13

Diatomaceous Earth 26 27

15 Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning (Domoic Acid) Pseudo-nitzschia

Frustule

Silica (Si. O 2, Silicon Dioxide) 19 • Abundant 18 in Water • Inert to Enzymatic Attack • p. H buffer; maintains Carbonic Anhydrase Activit

Frustule Components

Valves, Connecting Bands Girdle = Cingulum Fig. 12 -16 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Girdle View 22 Valve View 20

Areolae Fig. 12 -19 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Loculate and Poroid Areolae (and Velum) Fig. 12 -18 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

STRIAE Fig. 12 -20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Ocellus: Mucilage Secretion Figs. 12 -21, 12 -22 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Tubes: Labiate Processes Fig. 12 -14 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Tubes: Strutted Processes Figs. 12 -14, 12 -23 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Forms of Extracellular Mucilage Fig. 13. 10 in Lee 1999

Raphe, Central Nodule, Polar Nodules Fig. 13. 1 in Lee 1998 Fig. 13. 3 in Lee 1999 Fig. 12 -25 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Raphe System Valve View Figs. 12 -24, 12 -26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Girdle View

Diatom Structural Diversity ARAPHIC PENNATE CENTRIC RAPHIC PENNATE

Diatom Phylgoeny Fig. 12. 14 in Graham et al. 2008

MOTILITY A) Shuffling (Mucilage) B) Coordinated Movement (Raphe, Polysaccharide Rods, Mictotubules, Kinesin, Dynein) 39 40

NUTRITION 20

Regulation of Mixotrophy Fig. 12. 31 in Graham et al. 2008

Obligate Heterotroph Leucoplast 36 Nitzschia alba 38

Chlorophyll a Fig. 12. 5 in Graham et al. 2008 27

Chloroplast Origin 34

Cell Division (Ploidy Level) Silica Deposition Vesicle Fig. 12. 23 in Graham et al. 2008 Fig. 12. 20 in Graham et al. 2008

Multicellular or Colonial? 40 41 44 Asteroniella Melosira Chaetoceros 45 42 Licmophora Skeletonema Tabellaria 43

Cell Division: Mc. Donald Pfitzer Rule Fig. 12. 24 in Graham et al. 2008

Centric Sex (Meiosis, Oogamy, Egg, Sperm, Flagella, Auxospore) Fig. 12. 25 in Graham et al. 2008

Pennate Sex (Meiosis, Isogamy, Active Gamete, Passive Gamete, Auxospore) Fig. 12. 26 in Graham et al. 2008

Initiation of Sex • Achievement of Minimal Size • Environmental Cues

Sexual Behavior 1) Synchronous (Favorable) 2) Synchronous (Unfavorable Conditions) 3) Asynchronous (Favorable) 4) Asynchronous (Unfavorable)

Dormancy (Resting Cell, Rejuvenated Cells) Fig. 12. 29 in Graham et al. 2008

Licmophora

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