26 2 CENTURIES OF TURMOIL By T j

26 -2: CENTURIES OF TURMOIL By: T. j. Z updated by Mr. Dougherty

Lesson Questions • What changes did foreign invaders bring to the Middle East? • What were the strengths of the Ottoman Empire? • Why were the Ottoman and Safavid empires rivals?

Vocabulary • Crusade- a holy war • Millet- non-Muslim communities • Shah- kings

Foreign Invaders • In about the year 1000, nomads from Central Asia started overrunning the Middle East • The Seljuks, a Turkish-speaking people, seized Baghdad in 1055 • In 1258 the Mongols, a horse-riding warrior, captured Baghdad and then destroyed it

• The carved portal of the Ince Minare Medrese (or school) at Konya, Turkey. The Seljuk Turks began settling in the lands of the Abbasid caliphate as early as the 10 th century, gaining control of the capital, Baghdad, in 1055. After a split in the empire, the Seljuks remained in power in Anatolia, with Konya as their capital. The calligraphy on the door of this building shows Seljuk architecture and art in the 13 th century

Crusaders • A third group then invaded the Middle East from Europe • Pope Urban II called for a crusade against the Muslims • Their goal was to capture Palestine, known to them as the Holy City because Jesus had live and died there • In 1187 Saladin drove the Christians out of Jerusalem

The First Crusade

Europe cringes at Bush 'crusade' against terrorists • President Bush's reference to a "crusade" against terrorism, which passed almost unnoticed by Americans, rang alarm bells in Europe. It raised fears that the terrorist attacks could spark a 'clash of civilizations' between Christians and Muslims, sowing fresh winds of hatred and mistrust. His use of the word "crusade, " said Soheib Bensheikh, Grand Mufti of the mosque in Marseille, France, "was most unfortunate", "It recalled the barbarous and unjust military operations against the Muslim world, " by Christian knights, who launched repeated attempts to capture Jerusalem over the course of several hundred years. • By Peter Ford, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor / September 19, 2001

Saladin: A Noble Warrior • The Muslims needed Saladin, a noble knight, to unite them with Syria and Egypt • He beat the Christians in an epic battle 1187 when the Christians ran out of supplies and many died of thirst • He was merciful and allowed the Christians to buy their freedom or be placed into captivity

A Crucial Battle for Saladin

Ottoman Empire • Emerged in the early 1300’s in Anatolia • Captured Constantinople in 1453 ending the 1, 000 year old Byzantine Empire • Lasted for more than 500 years! • Looked at people they conquered as slaves • Each local government had their own millet

A map showing the rise of the Ottoman Empire from its origins around 1300 A. D. to its greatest extent in the 16 th century.

The Ottoman Empire

Suleiman I • Ruled from 1520 to 1566. During his reign, the Ottoman Empire became a world power. He added territory to the empire eastern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The people of the empire experienced fair rule of law and religious tolerance, and the arts flourished.

Suleiman Rules the Ottoman Empire

The Safavid Empire • Emerged in about 1500 in what is today Iran • They reached their height under Abbas the Great who was their ruler from 1587 to 1629 • He strongly encouraged trade and commerce • Were finally overthrown in 1736

• Shah Abbas I, also known as Abbas the Great, who ruled Persia from 1587 to 1629. The greatest Safavid ruler, Abbas reorganized and centralized the administration, bringing rebellious outlying tribes under state control. Roads, canals, and way stations (caravanserai) were constructed, facilitating trade and commerce. His new capital at Isfahan became an architectural wonder. During his reign the Portuguese were expelled from the Persian Gulf, and commercial treaties were made with England Holland.

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