24 h Cell viability 120 100 80 60

24 h Cell viability (%) 120 ** 100 80 ** 60 ** 40 20 0 5 SFN (µM) 0 Cd. Se (µM) 0 0 0 5 20 0 20 5 25 0 25 5 30 30

A B Con Cd. Se 15 m. M Cd. Se 20 m. M Cd. Se 25 m. M SFN 5 m. M+Cd. Se 15 m. M PI[670 nm LP] SFN 5 m. M+Cd. Se 20 m. M SFN 5 m. M+Cd. Se 25 m. M Apoptotic + necrotic cells (%) 70 ** 60 50 40 30 20 ** * 10 0 5 SFN (µM) 0 Cd. Se (µM) 0 0 15 Annexin. V-FITC [533/30 nm] 0 15 5 0 20 20 5 25

B 120 140 DMSO 120 S 2. 5 100 S 5 80 S 10 60 40 20 0 0 3 6 Time (h) 12 24 Cell Viability (%) GSH (nmol/mg protein) A 100 * 80 ** 60 40 ** 20 ** ** 0 SFN (5µM) BSO (100µM) Cd. Se (20µM) - + - + + +

120 Cell viability (%) 100 80 * * 60 ** * 40 * 20 0 AS TR 1 Nrf 2 si. RNA (20 n. M) 0 SFN (μM) 0 0 0 Cd. Se (μM) 0 0 0 AS Keap 1 TR 1 Nrf 2 0 0 0 20 AS Keap 1 TR 1 Nrf 2 0 20 5 20

A: 6 h B: 6 h LC 3 -I (18 KDa) LC-3 -II (16 KDa) LC 3 -I (18 KDa) LC 3 -II (16 KDa) β-actin (43 KDa) 24 h LC-3 -I (18 KDa) LC-3 -II (16 KDa) LC 3 -I (18 KDa) LC 3 -II (16 KDa) β-actin (43 KDa) SFN (µM) 0 2. 5 5 10 Cd. Se (µM) 0 5 10 20 30

A: HHL-5 Cell viability (%) 120 ** 100 80 60 40 20 0 SFN (5 µM) Cd. Se (20 µM) Wortmannin (0. 1µM) - + + + B: MEF ATG 5 -/Cell viability (%) 120 100 80 * * 60 40 20 0 5 0 SFN (µM) 0 Cd. Se (µM) 0 0 5 5 10 0 10 5 0 20 5 20 0 25 5 25 30 30

Cd. Se QDs Control 7 -a Necrosis 7 -b SFN+Cd. Se QDs 7 -c