2282021 1 2282021 ANIMAL WELFARE AND STUNNING Prof

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2/28/2021 ANIMAL WELFARE AND STUNNING Prof. Dr. Javaid Aziz Awan Hala Research Council www. halalrc. org 2

2/28/2021 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE FOR MUSLIMS 3

THE HOLY QUR’AN 2/28/2021 The Holy Book of Muslims Six suras (chapters) named after the animals Over two hundred verses in the Holy Qur'an deal with animals In Islam animals and all the creations believed to praise the Almighty Allah 4

SUNNAH AND AHADITH 2/28/2021 Sunnah – Refers to the actions and practices of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) Ahadith - Collection of accounts of suhaba karam on the sayings, practices and approvals of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and passed on to their followers Muslims seek guidance and inspiration from the Holy Qur’an, Sunnah and Ahadith 5

REGULATIONS ON FOOD IN ISLAM 2/28/2021 Holy Qura’n permits consumption of good and safe food (halal and tayyab) Foods and drinks injurious to health prohibited in Islam Major emphasis on prohibition, apart from other foods and drinks, is meat Islam provides specific guidelines on consumption of meat 6

2/28/2021 SLAUGHTERING 7

REQUIREMENTS FOR MEAT - HOLY QURAN 2/28/2021 “Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than God; that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a head long fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been partly eaten by a wild animal, unless ye are able to slaughter it (Al Maida - V: 4) 9

HADITH ON SLAUGHTERING 2/28/2021 The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: “Verily Allah has prescribed proficiency in all things. Thus, if you kill (an animal), kill well; and if you slaughter, slaughter well. Let each one of you sharpen his blade and let him spare suffering to the animal he slaughters”� (Sahih Muslim) 10

STEPS IN ISLMIC SLAUGHTERING 2. 3. 4. 5. Lay animal preferably on left flank Using very sharp knife give a cut on the neck This should sever oesophagus, windpipe, carotid arteries and veins Allow the animal to die Do not cut any part while it is still alive 2/28/2021 1. 11

ISLAMIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES When clean and large cut made properly with sharp 2/28/2021 knife, in one go, major blood vessels are cut Application of sharp knife in dhabh ensures that no pain is felt Wound inflicted is clean This sudden and quick haemorrhage 12

ISLAMIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES 2/28/2021 Animals lose between 40 and 60% of their total blood volume A quick loss of blood pressure results in rapid loss of blood supply to brain, causing severe hemorrhage Brain instantaneously starved of blood and no time to start feeling any pain Causes immediate anaesthetization 13

ISLAMIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES 2/28/2021 When brain deprived of blood, whole body goes into contraction and convulsion to squeeze blood up to the brain Blood comes out from the cut before reaching the brain This contraction and convulsion normal physiological reactions and cause no pain to animal Islamic slaughtering perfect, most humane and 14 merciful to animal

ISLAMIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES 2/28/2021 Produces good quality meat without any health hazards Muslims believe that this method prescribed for Prophets Abraham, Moses, and Jesus - Hence no cruelty to animals Allah is Rahman Rahim (Most Compassionate, Most Merciful) The last Prophet, Muhammad (pbuh), is Rahmatul. Alamin (the mercy to all worlds, men, animals, etc) 15

PAIN DURING ISLAMIC SLAUGHTERING 2/28/2021 Study by Prof Wilhelm Schulze and his coworkers in Germany in 1978 concluded: “The slaughter in the form of ritual cut is, if carried out properly, painless in sheep and calves according to the EEG recordings and the missing defensive actions” This study cited by German Constitutional Court in its permitting of dhabiha and kosher slaughtering 16

WESTERN VIEW Animals die from excessive blood loss after 2/28/2021 Throat cut while animal still conscious minutes of struggling Causes immense animal suffering Considered unnecessarily very painful and cruel to animals being slaughtered consciously Regarded as brutal and barbaric method 17

WESTERN VIEW bruising of meat - renders it unfit for human 2/28/2021 Also claim significant economic loss: consumption damage to hides causes loss of product worker injuries result in decreased productivity 18

WESTERNER’S RECOMMEND practices Introduction of modern systems and equipment in slaughter process Will help to decrease animal suffering Also provide economic benefits as amount of meat and hide wasted reduced Worker and meat safety greatly increased 2/28/2021 More humane transport, handling, and slaughter 19

HUMANE SLAUGHTER 2/28/2021 MODERN METHODS FOR “PREVENTION OR REDUCTION OF PAIN” DURING SLAUGHRERING (stunning) 20

2/28/2021 A standard method of stunning animals for slaughter at the dawn of the 20 th century as illustrated in Oscar Black, ''Construction, Installation and Operation of Public 21 Slaughterhouses and Stockyards. A Manual for Medical and Administrative Officer'', Berlin, 1903.

STUNNING METHODS countries: 1. The Captive Bolt Pistol 2. Pithing 3. Electrical Stunning 4. Water Bath Stunning 5. CO 2 Gas Stunning 6. Cardiac Arrest Stunning 2/28/2021 Some methods used in technologically advanced 22

CAPITIVE BOLT STUNNING penetrative Hit on the head of animal Penetrative stunners drive bolt into the skull Causes unconsciousness both through physical brain damage and concussive blow to skull 2/28/2021 “Captive bolt pistol, ” penetrative and non- 23

POSITION OF THE BOLT 2/28/2021 24

CAPTIVE BOLT STUNNING 2/28/2021 Bolt on non-penetrative stunner 'mushroom-headed' and impacts on brain without entering the skull Process induces immediate unconsciousness caused by concussive blow through brain trauma Captive bolt considered a humane stunner and stunning Method widely used for farmed animals 25

CAPITIVE BOLT STUNNING Penetrating stunners preferred - induce unconsciousness immediately in the animal Maximum effect obtained when muzzle of stunner firmly held against head of the animal Pistol placed on the centre of animal's forehead and either trigger-fired or fires automatically on contact with animal's head Bolt flies out of barrel but remains attached to the pistol 26

CAPITIVE BOLT STUNNING 2/28/2021 Advantages claimed Easy and simple technique as far as it’s working is concerned Induces unconsciousness immediately 27

PITHING Involves inserting a wire or rod through a hole in the head made by captive bolt Rod slid up and down to destroy lower part of brain and spinal cord The Farm Animal Welfare Council say: From purely hygiene considerations, practice not favoured On animal welfare grounds, provided animal has been effectively stunned, no evidence that the practice increases suffering by hastening brain death 28

PITHING Double pithing destroys spinal cord kicking which occurs at stunning Contributes to safety of slaughterman Currently, pithing not practiced because it may lead to spread of fragments of neural matter through the carcass 2/28/2021 Kills the animal, and also may reduce reflex 29

PITHING from cows killed by pithing, due to risk of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow") disease European Union also banned practice on animals intended for human consumption. 2/28/2021 USA regulations disallow importation of beef 30

ELECTRICAL STUNNING Electric head-only stunning used to stun cattle, calves, 2/28/2021 sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and ostriches A pair of electric tongs placed on either side of animal's head to ensure good electrical contact An electric current passed through the brain - supposedly causing a temporary loss of consciousness Animal remains un-conscious while throat is cut and dies from loss of blood Animal may recover from a stun if throat not cut quickly 31

ELECTRICAL STUNNING type of animal 2/28/2021 Amount of voltage varies according to: techniques used and individual creature’s size and behavior Animals to slaughter can regain consciousness and then face the knife that will kill them Cattle normally stunned electrically by three sequential cycles 32

2/28/2021 ELECTRICAL STUNNING The RSPCA say: 'There is increasing scientific evidence that some animals stunned electrically using tongs regain consciousness before they die from loss of blood’ Two reasons for this: either insufficient electrical current passes through brain to stun animal, or time interval between stunning and sticking exceeds 20 seconds and animal starts to regain consciousness 33

ELECTRICAL STUNNING 2/28/2021 The Scientific Veterinary Committee of EU says: Under commercial conditions, a considerable proportion of animals are: either inadequately stunned or require a second stun mainly because of: poor electrode placements, bad electrical contacts and long stun-to-stick intervals 34

ELECTRICAL STUNNING 2/28/2021 The Committee also expresses concern: 'The strength of electric current used should be high enough for the species to induce a stun within one second of application Otherwise, animals could suffer a potentially painful electric shock before being stunned 35

RESULTS OF A STUDY Volume 90 (4): 956– 961; 2012, 2/28/2021 Meat Science A perspective on the electrical stunning of animals: Are there lessons to be learned from human electro-convulsive therapy (ECT)? 36

2/28/2021 HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH ► Electrical stunning widespread method of commercial pre-slaughter stunning ► Effective electrical stunning may be difficult to achieve in practical conditions ► Effective stunning is particularly difficult to achieve with poultry ► Electrical stunning parallels unmodified human electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) ► Unmodified ECT is considered cruel in humans and is thus prohibited. 37

WATER BATH STUNNING 2/28/2021 Electric waterbath widely used to stun chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese Birds shackled upside down on a moving conveyor Carried to an electrified waterbath Heads immersed 38

WATER BATH STUNNING suffer a cardiac arrest and die when they enter waterbath Not all birds will suffer a cardiac arrest Scientific data show serious flaws with waterbath system Consumer eats dead birds 2/28/2021 Strength of electrical current to ensure birds 39

GAS STUNNING Gas stunning being promoted because it results in 2/28/2021 less blood spots in meat and fewer hemorrhages on surface of carcass Five gas stunning methods used - differ in gas composition and concentration Use CO 2, Argon and Nitrogen Debate as to which gas mixtures most humane Further work needed using larger numbers of birds, before concluding which method more humane 40

GAS STUNNING CLAIMED Efficient method for poultry birds Different gas combinations can be used Less blood spots on meat Fewer hemorrhages produced on carcass 2/28/2021 ADVANTAGES 41

2/28/2021 CARDIAC ARREST STUNNING Cattle, sheep, pigs, rabbits and goats stunned and simultaneously given a cardiac arrest Few abattoirs actually use these methods: 1. Electric current sent through head and body at the same time to span the brain and heart or 2. Electric current sent though head first to cause unconsciousness and then across chest to cause cardiac arrest 42

CARDIAC ARREST STUNNING 2/28/2021 If administered correctly, these methods remove risk of animals regaining consciousness while bleeding to death as the heart attack should kill the animal outright Scientific Veterinary Committee of EU say that when second method used, 'a considerable proportion of animals are either inadequately stunned or require a second stun’ By using method 2, animals could suffer potentially painful cardiac arrest 43

METHODS GENERALLY AVOIDED All stunning methods supposed to impact some kind of 2/28/2021 negative influence Some methods, like pithing, specially avoided After confirmation of first U. S. BSE case, FSIS issued regulations (January 12, 2004) prohibiting use of airinjection captive bolt stun gun Compressed air forces pieces of brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tissue into bloodstream Cattle blood could potentially transmit BSE if it contained 44

2/28/2021 STUNNING - HISTORY Stunning - process in which animals rendered immobile or unconscious before slaughtering for food Pre-slaughter stunning originally introduced to protect personnel deputed to kill the animal Idea - immobilize and keep animal motionless to facilitate killing procedures Now stunning done to apparently prevent / reduce pain – hence compulsory in many countries 45

STUNNING 2/28/2021 Prior to “humane slaughter” animals simply struck with a hammer (poleax) while fully conscious The Humane Slaughter Act of 1933 in Britain conceived to make: stunning compulsory such methods as captive bolt pistol and electric tongs, means by which to achieve The 1933 Act specifically outlaws the poleax 46

STUNNING 2/28/2021 Period marked by development of innovations in slaughterhouse technologies Not all of them particularly long-lasting Stunning not supposed to actually kill animal heart needs to continue functioning to pump maximum blood out of animal Animals die from loss of blood after their throats are cut 47

2/28/2021 TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN ISLAM (ANIMAL RIGHTS) 48

ISLAM - MERCY FOR ALL CREATURES colour, language and riches Islam also laid down rights for animals Muslims must treat animals with compassion and not to abuse them Animals, like humans, creations of Allah (swt) Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was sent as a mercy to mankind a blessing to all creatures: We sent thee not, but as a Mercy for all creatures 4 9 (21: 107) ﺍ ﺍﻳ 2/28/2021 Islam has laid down rights for humans regardless of race, 49

ANIMAL RIGHTS/WELFARE human rights recognized in Western World Muslims have extensive rules relating to animal welfare and proper slaughter These rules designed to respect and protect animals Muhammad (pbuh) reported to have said: "For charity shown to each creature which has a wet heart (i. e. is alive), there is a reward” 2/28/2021 Islam recognized animal rights long before 50

TREATMENT OF ANIMALS Numerous ahadith on treatment of animals. The 2/28/2021 Holy Prophet (pbuh) prohibited to: cage animals beat animals unnecessarily allow animals to fight each other for sports or recreation for human entertainment shoot arrows at cattle or bird tied or held up saying "whoever shoots at a living creature for sport is cursed” 51

FEEDING THE ANIMALS TO Holy Prophet (pbuh) advised his followers to: show kindness to animals nourish animals well save animals from hunger and thirst Numerous Ahadith in this respect: 1. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) passed near a camel whose back was shrunk to belly. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said: Be fearful regarding these animals; “ride them well and feed them well” 52

FEEDING THE ANIMALS 2/28/2021 2. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) saw a camel that had tears in his eyes The Prophet (pbuh) went to the camel, and pampered him at his back He became pacified The Prophet (pbuh) told his owner, a young Ansari, to be fearful regarding the camel who was being kept hungry 53

KINDNESS TO BIRDS 2/28/2021 The Holy Prophet (pbuh) in a journey was somewhat behind his companions The companions saw a dove with its two chicks They caught her chicks When the Prophet (pbuh) came nearer them he said: who teased the dove regarding her chicks; give them back to her. 54

BRANDING ANIMALS hit or mark animal on its face 2/28/2021 The Holy Prophet (pbuh) forbade to: brand mutilate live animals A donkey whose face was spotted out of heated rod passed near the Holy Prophet (pbuh). The Prophet (pbuh) said: Don’t you know I curse the person who spots or beats an animal on the face? 55

TREATMENT OF ANIMALS 2/28/2021 Muhammad (pbuh) reported to have said: “There is no man who kills [even] a sparrow or anything smaller, without its deserving it, but Allah will question him about it [on the judgment day], " Whoever is kind to the creatures of God, the Almighty is kind to him 56

DISTURBING THE ANIMALS cat Muezaza so much that "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it” 2/28/2021 Muhammad (pbuh) is said to have loved his 57

MERCY ON ANIMALS 2/28/2021 Muhammad (pbuh) reported as having reprimanded some men who were sitting idly on their camels in a marketplace, saying "either ride them or leave them alone” 58

MERCY ON DOG – AN UNCLEAN ANIMAL 2/28/2021 Majority of Muslim jurists consider dogs to be ritually unclean Outside their ritual uncleanness, Islamic fatawa, or rulings, enjoin that dogs be treated kindly or else be freed According to one story, Muhammad (pbuh) is said to have informed a prostitute who had seen a thirsty dog hanging about a well and given it water to drink, that Allah forgave her because of that good deed 59

MERCY ON DOG – AN UNCLEAN ANIMAL that a person was forgiven for his sins just because he gave water to a thirsty dog In response to the questions from his followers, the Holy Prophet said that everyone will be rewarded who shows mercy towards animals. 2/28/2021 In a similar Hadith the Holy Prophet (pbuh) said 60

MERCY ON DOG – AN UNCLEAN ANIMAL 2/28/2021 The historian William Montgomery Watt states that Muhammad's (pbuh) kindness to animals was remarkable He cites an instance of Muhammed (pbuh) posting sentries to ensure that a female dog with newborn puppies was not disturbed by his army traveling to Mecca in the year 630 61

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COMMON “PAINLESS TECHNIQUES” USED WITH ANIMALS 2/28/2021 SOME 63

BRANDING Branding done for identification of animals 2/28/2021 Two methods used: hot iron branding and freeze branding Hot iron branding, though out of practice now due to animal welfare issue, but still used Freeze branding - thigh region of animal shaved Animal properly restrained 64

BRANDING liquid nitrogen (-196 C) and immediately pressed against shaved area on thigh for few seconds Due to freezing temperatur pigment cells die The number/alphabet becomes visible as white area on skin due to pigmentless skin and hairs If done properly this procedure usually harmless. 2/28/2021 Steel templates of number or alphabet then put in 65

CASTRATION testosterone on carcass such as male odor and less marbling Done in two ways: burdizzo castratator surgery In cattle and sheep/goats castration done by Burdizzo castrator 2/28/2021 Castration done to avoid undesirable effects of 66

CASTRATION Animal restrained, area around spermatic cord 2/28/2021 infused with local anesthetic agent and then burdizzo castrator applied to crush spermatic cord If sufficient amount of local anesthetic used less or no pain felt by animal otherwise this procedure extremely painful Pain killers given to avoid inflammation Surgical castration done by trained vet Animal retained and given anesthesia 67

CASTRATION surgical thread Testes removed by help of scalpel A course of antibiotics and painkiller observed thereafter to avoid post operative complications. 2/28/2021 Skin over testes excised, spermatic cord tied with 68

2/28/2021 TAIL DOCKING In cattle usually done to remove badly injured part of tail In sheep tail removed to avoid build up of feces which can result in fly strike This helps in better breeding results as female reproductive parts are easily approachable by male 69

TAIL DOCKING 2/28/2021 In lambs, a rubber band applied on tail by help of applicator, to cut off blood supply and tail behind rubber band easily removed All these procedure harmless if done properly In some cases wound complication can occur if wound is neglected Wound be properly disinfected and should followed till complete healing 70

EAR TAGGING 2/28/2021 Ear tags used for identification of animals Ear tags made of plastic or metal having some number on it With the help of applicator tags are punched in center of ear This procedure usually harmless but animal suffers pain 71

2/28/2021 BULL FIGHTING Bullfight involves maneuvers performed at close range, after the bull has first been weakened and tired by lances and short spears with barbs which are thrust into and then hang from the bull After the bull has been hooked multiple times behind the shoulder the bullfight usually concludes with killing of the bull by a single sword thrust 72

BULL FIGHTING 2/28/2021 This is a blood sport perpetrated as a cowardly act resulting in suffering of bulls and horses Bullfighting is cruelty, horrible spectre of animal abuse that ends in the slow and torturous death of an animal provoked and repeatedly gored with knives and swords Bullfighting is barbaric 73

BULL FIGHTING 2/28/2021 Prior to entering the arena, bull is terribly abused for previous two days making him weak, halfblinded and mentally destroyed, whose chances of harming his tormentors is virtually nil Drugs are administered to pep him up or slow him down, and strong laxatives are added to his feed to further incapacitate him 74

BULL FIGHTING 2/28/2021 Bullfight is composed of 3 separate “acts: ” Men on horseback exhaust the bull They cut into his neck muscles with a pica - a weapon of about 6 -8 inches long, and 2 inches thick Once it is thrust into the bull it is twisted round a large, gaping wound appears The bull then starts bleeding to death The kill lasts about 6 minutes 75

BULL FIGHTING 2/28/2021 Bull attempts to rise again, and gets up on his knees, only to receive further mutilation at the hands of his tormentors He finally gives up, goes to his knees and lies down His ears and tail are cut off (often when he is fully conscious), and his broken, bleeding body is dragged around the ring by mules His body is taken away to be skinned, and even then he may not be dead at this time Hundreds of horses die long as they are gored by the paincrazed bull 76

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2/28/2021 CONCLUSION AND DIs. CUSSION 78

CONCLUSION 2/28/2021 Main aspects of adaptation of stunning procedures summarized as: To protect slaughterer from any harm from the animal Save animals from undue pain during killing Facilitate slaughtering procedure Economize meat production – slaughter more animals in less time Increase meat quality and shelf life 79

CONCLUSION They may also have merits and plus points Regulatory Authorities given rules and regulations to be 2/28/2021 stunning procedures have some limitations in their use followed when these procedures are carried out Despite having demerits, no stunning method has been banned completely except pithing because of chances of BSE particles Further work continued to remove demerits and formulate new methods for animal welfare 80

CONCLUSION 2/28/2021 In Jewish and Muslim methods stunning not allowed Animals slaughtered with their religious methods - Kosher and Halal According to research Kosher and Halal methods have lowest risks of BSE and other undesired contaminants 81

CONCLUSION stunned on the first try, it is extremely stressful Sometimes it takes as many as 6 tries to eventually stun the animal The US American Meat Institute permits 5% of animals to be “missed” on the first try! And most animal activist organizations in the US accept this standard 2/28/2021 With normal stunning procedures – if animal not 82

CONCLUSION An electric current or a bolt pistol does cause pain to the animal Gas stunning may cause severe breathing difficulties or suffocation Many animals die from stunning before slaughtering, especially chicken - in Britain that one-third chicken die before slaughtering If animal dies prior to actual slaughter, then it would be unlawful (haram) to consume 2/28/2021 Experts claim that they minimize suffering of animal 83

CONCLUSION Stunning causes more blood to stay inside meat of 2/28/2021 The aya says, "forbidden to you is the blood to consume. " the animal The aya says, "and that which has been strangled. " Stunning chicken by hanging upside down and forcing its head in an electrified water bath causes strangulation Some chicken die from it, and if not, they will die from electric current 84

CONCLUSION blow". This is exactly the method that has been used in stunning – Captive bolt 2/28/2021 The aya says, "and an animal killed by a violent 85

CONCLUSION 2/28/2021 Many scientists consider stunning cruel and painful to animal Studies show that animal feels pain in stunning Electricity used as a method of torture for humans in prisons and detentions Stunning made apparently for two main reasons: the false imaginary idea that animal feels pain when throat cut importantly kill more animals in less time 86

RESULTS OF SOME STUDIES When ritual slaughter is being evaluated from an 2/28/2021 animal welfare standpoint, the variable of restraint method must be separated from the act of throat cutting without prior stunning. Distressful restraint methods mask the animals’ reactions to its throat being cut. Four state-of- the-art restraint devices have been designed, built and operated that hold cattle and calves in a comfortable upright position during kosher (Jewish) slaughter (Grandin, 1994; Grandin and Regenstein, 1994). 87

RESULTS OF SOME STUDIES To determine whether cattle feel the act of having 2/28/2021 their throat cut, Grandin (1994), at one plant, deliberately applied the head restrainer so lightly that the animals could pull their heads out; none of the 10 cattle moved or attempted to pull their heads out. Observations of hundreds of cattle and calves during kosher slaughter indicated that there was a slight quiver when the knife first contacted the throat (Grandin, 1994). 88

RESULTS OF SOME STUDIES 2/28/2021 Invasion of the cattle’s flight zone by touching its head caused a bigger reaction (Grandin, 1994, 1993 b) than did the act of having its throat cut. The animal’s head must be restrained in such a manner that the incision does not close back over the knife. Cattle and sheep will struggle violently if the edges of the incision touch during the cut (Grandin, 1994). 89

2/28/2021 Thanks for your patience 90