2212021 Spiering Ap PEC 1 Review and assess

2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 1

• Review and assess research proposals in the field of Astroparticle Physics at the request of the Ap. PEC Steering Committee • Advise and make recommendations through the Ap. PEC steering committee to the national funding agencies involved in Ap. PEC on research proposals submitted to it. • Keep under review current and proposed programmes in Astroparticle Physics of interest to Ap. PEC. Contribute to a medium and long-term plan of the future of APP in Europe. 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 2

• • • Chair: Riccardo Barbieri Double Beta Decay Direct Dark Matter Search High Energy Gamma Telescopes High Energy Neutrino Telescopes Gravitational Waves High Energy Cosmic Rays 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 3

• Bad: – Open sessions not clearly enough advertised as open sessions – Recommendations reasonable but often too minimalistic – Recommendations did not reach the Community – They even did not reach the presenters (if not inofficially) • Good: – Reasonable recommendations – KM 3 Net design study profited from PRC recommendations via communication channels between SC and Brussels – SC translated PRC recommendations to a support for ILIAS – Common understanding among the PRC members and style of discussion form a good basis for roadmap committee. 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 4

• More transparent actions • Ap. PEC web page https: //ptweb. desy. de/appec – Draft of Roadmap will be placed to the web for discussion and feedback – Ap. PEC documents – Ap. PEC news – Will improve will advent of Ap. PEC secretariat • Presentation of plans to the Community – TAUP 2005 – This Town Meeting – Roadmap Meeting in April/May 2006 (see below) • Exchange of information with Community • Closer contacts between ILIAS, HEAPNET and Ap. PEC PRC 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 5

• Steering Committee has charged PRC to write a roadmap on Astroparticle Physics in Europe over the next 10 years, with a focus to the next 5 years • Promote astroparticle physics • Stimulate coordination and cooperation within the European APP community • Prepare future decisions on National and European level 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 6

• Addressees of the roadmap: – – national funding agencies European institutions general physics community our own community (shaping and rationalize our view on goals and priorities) • Ap. PEC roadmap will take note of existing national roadmaps. For national roadmaps being written exchange of views and plans. • Input to ESFRI and FP 7 • Close connection to ILIAS, HEAPNET, … 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 7

• The roadmap intends to – Sell the field to the outside world – Promote coordination and cooperation – Promote the development of infrastructures – Identify critical points for decisions • The roadmap will not – Declare decisions w. r. t. experiments and techniques which have to be taken by the cooperating/competing expert groups working in the field 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 8

• • • Frank Avignone Jose Bernabeu Thomas Berghoefer Leonid Bezrukov Pierre Binetruy Hans Bluemer Karsten Danzmann Franz v. Feilitzsch Enrique Fernandez Werner Hofmann John Iliopoulos Uli Katz 2/21/2021 • • • Spiering, Ap. PEC. Paolo Lipari Manel Martinez Antonio Masiero Benoit Mours Francesco Ronga Andre Rubbia Subir Sarkar Guenther Sigl Gerard Smadja Nigel Smith Christian Spiering Alan Watson 9

Don’t confuse this with the question “What belongs to Astroparticle Physics? ” There is no unique answer to this question. 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 10

Charged Cosmic Rays Ge. V-Te. V gamma (incl. DM indirect) satellite Me. V/Ge. V (Agile, Glast) Me. V/Ge. V CR (Pamela, AMS) CR @ extreme energies (EUSO) WIMP s on i x a ar Sol CAS i. e. Hess, Auger underwater underice T UG lab HE neutrinos atm. neutrinos 2/21/2021 (incl. DM indirect) DM direct Spiering, Ap. PEC. UG lab Solar Supernova 11

No particles from heaven but: - same infrastructure ( ) - closely related question (tritium decay) Reactor m Laser axions Accelerator UG lab 2/21/2021 Oscillations (accelerators) NO proton decay Spiering, Ap. PEC. 12

Interferometer low frequency (LISA) Interferometers (Geo-600, VIRGO) 2/21/2021 Resonance Antennas Spiering, Ap. PEC. 13

• Nuclear astrophysics – Covered in nuclear physics programmes – In some countries listed under APP as well • Dark Energy Missions – – Necessary to set the stage for APP missions Fully covered by astronomy community Not our charge In some countries under one roof with APP missions • Others – Varying fundamental constants – Gravity at short distances 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 14

1) Compile the facts • • collect questionnaires from all experiments with European participation 75 spokespersons addressed Return rate 96% (only 3 missing) Second loop for corrections finished. 130 page document will be available to the community 2) Start communication with the community TAUP, German Astroparticle Workshop, this Town Meeting, . . 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 15

3) Contact CERN strategy group (Dec. 12) and national roadmap committees 4) Finalize draft at a PRC meeting in Berlin at Jan. 16/17, 2006 5) Submit draft to SC Meeting at Jan 23/24 6) After discussion with SC and modifications: place the draft on the web for everybody (mid February). 7) Start communication with ESFRI (Ap. PEC SC) 8) Feedback from the community 9) Open Meeting in Spring 2006 10) Finalize Roadmap Paper 11) Submit to SC (May/June 2006) 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 16

• • Cosmology and early Universe (including dark matter) Properties of particles: neutrino mass (direct and double beta), exotic particles (WIMPs, axions, Q-Balls, magnetic monopoles) proton decay Thermal Universe: Low energy neutrinos Non-thermal Universe (gamma, neutrinos, cosmic rays) Properties of the gravitational force (interferometers and resonant detectors) 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 17

Neutrino Mass: single beta 2. 3 e. V Tritium Troitzk Mainz 0. 2 e. V KATRIN Rhenium Mibeta Manu-2 < 0. 2 e. V KATRIN bolom. ? 2 -3 0. 2 e. V MARE 10 -15 e. V price tag KATRIN 34 M€ 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 18

2 0 0 2 e Jun Relevant neutrino mass parameter mee > 1 me. V is likely Experiments are sensitive to (mee nuclear matrix element), the matrix el. are highly uncertain (at diff. level for diff. nuclei) Form collaboration of adequate size and expertise aiming at a sensitivity down to or below 10 me. V. Some redundancy in the choice of nuclei (at least worldwide) Vigorous program to reduce uncertainty of nuclear matrix elements, at least for a few key nuclei „International Statement on neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay“ 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. Sept. 2002 19

Neutrino Mass: Double Beta past present next 5 years HDMS GERDA next 10 years ? price tag 30 -50 M€ Gerda+Majorana Cuoricino 10 ton ? Cuore enrich. NEMO Super-NEMO EXO-200 * EXO 1 -10 ton* COBRA R&D * USA with Swiss partcipation 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 20

03 0 2 n a J Search for WIMPs by direct detection methods is a most valuable mean to solve the Dark Matter problem. At present several projects in Europe, US, Japan aim at a sensitivity for the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross section of 10 -8 pb. Further increase by two orders of magnitude (10 -10 pb) is conceivable and desirable. Requires detector on the ton scale. 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 21

Assessment of current activity in 2 years in order to determine the most promising technique. (at that time a clear demonstration of an effective sensitivity in the 10 -8 range should be available). Common activity across Europe on nuclear recoil energy calibration properties of neutron background impact of nuclear form factors or halo parameters on sensitivity Means of validating a possible signal. Work on electron and gamma rejection techniques! 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 22

Direct Dark Matter Search (1) Ultimate price tag 20 -100 M€ Na. I DAMA/LIBRA DAMA-1 ton ? ANAIS Bolometers CRESST Edelweiss EURECA ROSEBUD R&D Ge IGEX-DM HDMS Genius-TF 2/21/2021 -10 10 Spiering, Ap. PEC. pb 23

Direct Dark Matter Search (2) Ultimate price tag 20 -100 M€ Noble Gases Zeplin-1 Zeplin-3 Zeplin-4 -10 Xenon* WARP Ar. DM 1 ton 10 pb Ar. DM 10 ton -10 10 pb Directional Drift I, II Drift III Drift 1 ton -10 10 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. pb particularly interesting if DM has been seen 24

Direct Dark Matter Search (3) Superheated grains (R&D) SIMPLE (Lisbon) PICASSO (Montreal) Axion Searches CAST PVLAS HERA/LHC magnets? 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 25

10 -4 Cross section (pb) LHC 10 -6 10 -8 10 -10 1980 2/21/2021 Projection 2002 (R. Gaitskell) Sensitivity to WIMP-DM cross section 1985 1990 1995 2000 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 2005 2010 2015 26

Gamma Telescopes operating soon HESS after 2010 HESS-2 Large Array(s) MAGIC Whipple | Magic-2 Veritas ARGO/YBJ Satellite: 2/21/2021 Č price tag 5 -12 M€ AGILE GLAST Ultimate price tag 2 x 100 M€ GILDA Spiering, Ap. PEC. 27

High Energy Photon Sky: Source Count vs. Year 104 X rays 103 102 Me. V-Ge. V 101 0. 1 -100 Te. V 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 (modified from M. De Naurois, astro-ph/0409361) 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 28

3 0 0 2 y l u J With the aim of constructing a detector of km 3 scale in the Northern hemisphere, both in view of size and competition with Ice. Cube: form a single coherent collaboration collecting all the efforts underway Prepare report to Ap. PEC PRC with following informations: - optical properties of water, incl. seasonal variations and using the same devices - optical background and sedimentation - comparative simulations about impact of depth and water properties to some benchmark km 3 detectors (focussing to the central goals of Nu Telescopes) Single design study in the European FP 6 framework 2/21/2021 New review in one year. Spiering, (summer 2004) Ap. PEC. 29

High Energy Neutrino Telescopes Baikal-NT 200 NT 200+ (Baikal GVD (2015)) Amanda Ice. Cube (2010) Hyper. Cube ? (radio+acoust) Antares Nestor Nemo price tag 150 -300 M€ KM 3 (2013) Integration of radio and acoustic detection into optical telescopes Neutrino interactions in atmosphere (Auger, EUSO), in the moon (radio antennas), . . 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 30

Achieved and expected sensitivities to diffuse fluxes RICE Amanda, Baikal 2002 RICE GLUE AUGER nt 2004 2007 Anita Amanda, Antares, Baikal, Nestor 2012 Auger km 3 2/21/2021 AGASA Spiering, Ap. PEC. + new techn. 31

Flux * E² (Ge. V/ cm² sec sr) 10 -4 Rice AGASA Dumand Frejus Macro 10 -6 Anita, Auger Baikal/Amanda 1 Ee. V 10 -8 10 -10 Rice GLUE Ice. Cube/Km 3 Sensitivity to HE diffuse neutrino fluxes 1980 2/21/2021 1985 1990 1995 2000 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 2005 10 -1000 Te. V 2010 2015 32

Cosmic Ray Experiments a) Low energy TRACER CREAM ATIC PAMELA balloons AMS price tag: ~20 M€, 200 M€ b) Towards the end of the galactic spectrum Kascade-Grande |2008. . 2010| Ice. Top/Ice. Cube 2006. . 2008| Tunka 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 33

Cosmic Ray Experiments c) High and Ultra-high energies Auger South Auger North price tag ~ 50 M€ per site EUSO (> 2015) Westerbork (etc. ) d) New methods price tag 125 M€ LOPES, Codalema LOFAR 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 34

Integrated Aperture (km^2*str*year) 1000000 Auger(S+N) EUSO 100000 Auger-N Auger-S 10000 Hi. Res TA AGASA 1000 1985 2/21/2021 Fly'e Eye 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Spiering, Ap. PEC. 2010 2015 2020 35

Gravitational Waves a) Bar detectors AURIGA Mini-Grail DUAL R&D SFERA ROG (Nautilus + Explorer) b) Interferometers Price tag LIGO: 260 M€ (US costing) Adv. Ligo: +210 M€ (dito) VIRGO: 85 M€ (cap. invest) LISA: 200 M€ (ESA costing) LUI: 200 M€ (? ) Geo-600 VIRGO LISA Pathfinder/LISA Large Underground Interferometer ? 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 36

Low Energy Neutrinos, Proton Decay LVD CTF Borexino SNO | GLACIER (100 kton LAr) Ultimate price tag LENA (50 kt scintillator) 500 -800 M€ MEMPHYS (Water Megatonne) Decision~ 2010 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 37

• Strong process of cooperation and concentration is ongoing. • European community has a lead position in many fields ! • From infancy to maturity: the past 1 -2 decades have born the instruments & methods for doing science with high discovery potential. • Accelerated increase in sensitivity in nearly all fields. • The roadmap will reflect this process, make the physics case to funding agencies and the outside world. We live in an exciting period. Lets make use of the chances ! 2/21/2021 Spiering, Ap. PEC. 38