2162022 Title Biology 92706 Objectives To continue learning

2/16/2022 Title: Biology 9/27/06 Objectives: To continue learning about the biochemistry and macromolecules. Class Topics • Hand in W. S. Chapter 2 Science Skills before the bell rings • Preview for test “It does not matter how slowly you go, so long as you do not stop. ” Confucius Wednesday, February 16, 2022 7: 34 AM 1

2/16/2022 Class Assignments What • • By When W. S. Carbon Compounds 9/26/06 W. S. 2. 4 (DR/Quiz/DL) 9/26/06 W. S. Chapter 2 Science Skills 9/28/06 Chapter 2 Test 10/2/06 • Due this class period • Due next class period • Due in the future 2

2/16/2022 Grade Sheet 3

2/16/2022 2 A Grade Sheet 4

2/16/2022 4 A Grade Sheet 5

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Water and Polar Molecules – Partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side – Different parts have different charges • Nonpolar molecules – No positive nor negative poles – Ex. lipids • Water & oil – Don’t mix 6

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Organic compounds – Carbon and hydrogen – Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids 7

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Carbohydrates – – Monomer – monosaccharides Ex. Polysaccharides, sucrose Identify a picture of glucose Animal starch = glycogen • Storage of glucose – Lactose + Water glucose + galactose – Label – Dehydration synthesis (sucrose) 8

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Lipids – Ex. Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, earwax • Monomer – Glycerol/fatty acids • Picture – Fatty acid chain • Liquid fats – Unsaturated fatty acids 9

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Proteins – Monomer • Amino acid – Long chains of amino acids • Polypeptides – Drawing • Parts of an amino acid: carboxyl, amine, alpha carbon, R group – Peptide bond • Between the carbon of the carboxyl and the nitrogen of the amine • Peptide bond between Alanine and Valine 10

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Proteins (cont. ) – Shape of protein • Type and sequence of amino acids – Enzymes • • • Chemical reactions not fast enough to sustain life Decreases the amount of activation energy Amylase – starch to glucose Pepsin – best p. H 1. 5 -2. 0 Optimal temperature 35 -39°C How does an enzyme work? 11

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Nucleic Acids – Monomer • Nucleotide • Parts of a nucleotide • Long chains of nucleotides are nucleic acids – DNA • Stores hereditary information to make proteins • Held together by hydrogen bonds – Types • RNA, DNA 12

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Chemical Reactions – Activation energy • Energy needed to start a chemical reaction – Reactants/products – Compare Reaction 2 and Reaction 3 – Why is reaction 3 the lowest on the graph 13

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Chemical Reactions – Glucose + glucose maltose + water • What would be found at each point? – Why is 2 higher than 1 – How would it look with an enzyme? 14

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Enzymes – Substrate • Molecule upon which enzyme acts • Key • Label – Active Site • Portion of enzyme where substrate can fit • Lock • Label 15

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Enzymes (cont. ) – Graph activity of an enzyme • Inactive from 0 -20˚C • Active above 20˚C w/rate increasing steadily to 40˚C, at which the rate is very high • Above 40˚C rate decreases rapidly until temperature reaches 50˚C • Above 50˚C - inactive 16

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Essay – What macromolecules have an effect on homeostasis in humans? • Data – Carbohydrates » Energy source - Glucose » Bowel movements - Cellulose » Energy storage - Glycogen (liver and muscles) – Lipids » Protection – earwax » Energy storage – fats » Insulation - fats 17

2/16/2022 Chapter 2 Test Review • Essay – What macromolecules have an effect on homeostasis in humans? – Proteins » Digestion of foods – enzymes – amylase, pepsin » Storage of glucose – hormone – insulin » Release of glucose – hormone - glucagon » Forming blood cells – hormone – erythropoeitin » Gaining strength – structure – muscles, ligaments » Creating heat – structure - muscles – Nucleic Acids » Direct protein production – DNA, RNA 18