21 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB MALLATT WILHELM
21 HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham PART 2 The Respiratory System Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Larynx § Three functions § Voice production § Provides an open airway § Routes air and food into the proper channels § Superior opening is § Closed during swallowing § Open during breathing Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nine Cartilages of the Larynx § Thyroid cartilage § Shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) § Three pairs of small cartilages § Epiglottis § Arytenoid cartilages § Corniculate cartilages § Cuneiform cartilages § Tips inferiorly during swallowing Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Larynx § Vocal ligaments of the larynx § Vocal folds (true vocal cords) § Act in sound production § Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) § § No role in sound production Epithelium of the larynx § Stratified squamous – superior portion § Pseudostratified ciliated columnar – inferior portion Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy of the Larynx Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21. 5 a, b
Movements of the Vocal Folds Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21. 6 a–d
The Larynx § Voice production § Length of the vocal folds changes with pitch § Loudness depends on the force of air across the vocal folds § Sphincter function of the larynx § Valsalva’s maneuver – straining § Innervation of the larynx § Recurrent laryngeal nerves (branch of vagus) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Trachea § § § Descends into the mediastinum C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open Carina § Marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi § Epithelium § Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Trachea Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21. 7 a, b
Bronchi in the Conducting Zone § Bronchial tree § Extensively branching respiratory passageways § Primary bronchi (main bronchi) § Largest bronchi § Right main bronchi § Wider and shorter than the left Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bronchi in the Conducting Zone Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21. 8 a
Bronchi in the Conducting Zone § Secondary (lobar) bronchi § Tertiary (segmental) bronchi § Bronchioles § Terminal bronchioles § Three on the right § Two on the left § Branch into each lung segment § Little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter § Less than 0. 5 mm in diameter Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Changes in Tissue Composition along Conducting Pathways § Supportive connective tissues change § C-shaped rings replaced by cartilage plates § Epithelium changes § First, pseudostratified ciliated columnar § Replaced by simple columnar, then simple cuboidal epithelium § Smooth muscle becomes important Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structures of the Respiratory Zone § § Consists of air-exchanging structures Respiratory bronchioles – branch from terminal bronchioles § Lead to alveolar ducts § Lead to alveolar sacs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structures of the Respiratory Zone Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21. 9 a
Structures of the Respiratory Zone Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21. 9 b
Structures of the Respiratory Zone § Alveoli consist of § Type I cells and basal laminae § Scattered among type I cells § Cuboidal epithelial cells – type II cells § Secrete surfactant Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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