2020111 readable intentional simple expression simple structure clear

論文の特徴 • • 読みやすい 意図が伝わる 表現が平易 構造が明快 論旨が明快 結論が明快 追試可能 2020/11/1 readable intentional simple expression simple structure clear logic evident conclusion reproducible Academic Writing 6 3

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参考書 • APA style and traditional style (samples) APA Manual 2020/11/1 Chicago Manual Academic Writing 6 Strunk & White 9

http: //www. press. uchicago. edu/books/turabian_citationguide. html 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 10

Turabian Formatting – Quick Guide • • • 1” margins Times new roman size 12 font Double-spaced Use active voice Headings References Bibliography style Reference list style 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 11

Formal Writing Guidelines 1. Style guidelines APA (American Phsychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Assoc. ), Turabian 2. Author’s position No use writing “I think” or “My opinion is” 3. Traditional formality active or passive, And ……. , Question 4. Logic: traditional formal elements, transitions 5. Physical appearance follow all the required style rules 2020/11/1 12

Outline Why learning English is important to me? Organizing Information Ⅰ．Introduction Ⅱ．Good Jobs A. More opportunity B. Can work anywhere C. Higher pay Ⅲ．Influence A. Teach children English B. Use English internationally 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 13

Table of Contents • Final Outline 2020/11/1 14

Make a Good Layer I. A. 1. a. (1) (a) (b) (2) b. 2. B. 2020/11/1 II. Academic Writing 6 15

Body • reason　　　　 - dataを見せる（objective） - opinion (separate from data） 　　　　　 - use your own words 　　　　　 - data interpretation→discussion • conclusion　　 - answer the question 　　　　　 - Does it follow logical sequence? • action　　　　　 - declare　　　　　　 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 16

1. Measurements were performed with a solution containing X and Y. 　 行動 2. The equations present the calculations used to obtain the target values. 提示 3. The thickness of the Z film was controlled to within 100 m using a cutting blade. 行動 4. The materials chosen were prepared by evaporation of Y under a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 min at 400 ℃. 準備 5. We assume that the force is great and perfectly transmitted. 方法 18

1. The specimens (1 g) be ball-milled with 5 g of stainless steel balls using a Z mill. 準備 2. X spectra be determined at 77 K using a Y instrument after heating the samples at 150 ℃ 行動 until the pressure reach 104 Pa. 3. The motion be constrained to the vertical plane and, therefore, be two dimensional. 方法 4. After application of the coating, the sheet be dried under vacuum at 120 ℃ for 10 h. 準備 5. X measurement be performed using an Y workstation (Yamamoto Instruments, Tokyo, Japan) 行動 19

例 • 論文中で先に説明　　　　　　　　 Citation of the papers was doubled in 5 years. 2005 2010 A 103 190 B 1, 113 2, 340 C 10, 385 25, 600 A A’ B B’ C 2005 2010 21

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説明 • Figure 1 shows the test results. During the manufacturing of Z, the process is done at the end of the welding. The thickness of the plate was 3 mm. When the aluminum content was less than 0. 6 mass%, no influence was observed on the surface. • As seen in Fig. 2, the temperature rapidly rises. 先に説明があってから図が出るように 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 24

よく使われる動詞 • Show, present, display, illustrate, plot, seen • Consider, contain, define, describe, evaluate, give, include, list, show, summarize, report, perform 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 25

Results vs. Discussion アカデミアでは事実と個人的な解釈は分けるこ とが重要 Results: (What you did and) what the results were Discussion: What the results mean 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 26

• • • In our study, … was observed. In comparison with Our evidence confirms that … was different from It was concluded that We studied the effect of …remains questionable… … is consistent with … Based on our new findings, it is possible that … In conclusion 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 28

Conclusion • Describe: From the biochemical aspects, it is an important process used to join molecules. • Compare: In comparison with the current method, it is more cost efficient. • Evaluate: In our study, significant difference was observed. • Criticize: However, it remains questionable. • Conclude: It was concluded that …. 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 30

Acknowledgments • We would like to thank 人　for こと • We appreciate the help received from 人 with the mass analysis. • The authors gratefully acknowledge　人　for こと • The author is indebted to 人 for こと • The authors are sincerely grateful to 人 for　 こと • The authors thank　人　for こと 32

• This research was supported by the Institute of Genomics Innovation. • We are grateful to Prof. Hara for his advice and suggestion on the experiments, • We thank Ms. Ito for her experimental assistance. 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 34

• • • 書誌内容 bibliographic information Title Last name of author Capitalize only the first word Comma or period between each piece of info First author and et al. (Eds) for more than one editor Location, colon, publisher Indent all lines after the first line Put year, volume, page editor in parentheses 36

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Numbering system put the number of the referenced books in the order of appearance Harvard system at the end of the paper, put all the references in ABC order 38

Example list of references (Alphabetical for Harvard style) Fisher, R. , Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement without giving in, 2 nd edition, London: Century Business. Hart, G. , Albrecht, M. , Bull, R. and Marshall, L. (1992) “Peer consultation: A professional development opportunity for nurses employed in rural settings”, Infront Outback – Conference Proceedings, Australian Rural Health Conference, Toowoomba, pp. 143 – 148. Phillips, J. (1999 a). “Some paper title” Journal of Something, Vol. X, Nr. Y, pp. 8– 28 Phillips, J. (1999 b). “Follow-up paper on something” Journal of 39 Something, Vol. X, Nr. Z, pp. 44– 61

Harvard system (Parenthetical referencing) Phillips (1999 a) found that … … which was later confirmed by a second experiment (Phillips, 1999 b) Fisher, Ury and Patton (1991: 37) suggest that … Hart et al. (1992) state that … 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 40

Example list of references (Order of appearance for Numerical style ) [1] J. Phillips, “Some paper title” Journal of Something, Vol. X, Nr. Y, 1999, pp. 8– 28 [2] J. Phillips, “Follow-up paper on something” Journal of Something, Vol. X, Nr. Z, 1999, pp. 44– 61 [3] R. Fisher, W. Ury, and B. Patton, Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement without giving in, 2 nd edition, London: Century Business, 1991. [4] G. Hart, M. Albrecht, R. Bull, and L. Marshall, “Peer consultation: A professional development opportunity for nurses employed in rural settings”, Infront Outback – Conference Proceedings, Australian Rural Health Conference, 41 Toowoomba, 1992, pp. 143 – 148.

Numbering system (More common in Engineering) Phillips [1] found that … … which was later confirmed by a second experiment [2]. Recent studies [3] suggest that … Some researchers [4] believe that … 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 42

Final Assignment Write an introduction about your research. Include Purpose Background　　→　specific problem Literature review gap Roadmap of the contents https: //www. ieee. org/publications_standards/publications/author_templates. htm Send it to 2020/11/1 ees. seut@gmail. com Deadline: Tuesday, May 24 th 43

Writing an introduction in 6 simplified steps A. State the relevance of your research B. Provide some background C. Be specific about the problem you are trying to solve and add references to support your statements regarding its relevance D. Literature review on the general problem E. Mention important research done on this topic and then, explain the gap you are trying to fill F. Describe the contents of your paper and some details regarding the methodology 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 44

Read some sample“Introduction”s A) B) C) D) E) F) Purpose Background be specific about the problem Literature review　 What’s the gap you want to fill Guideline of the paper Drill 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 45

Use this template Title Your name with your co-authors Introduction affiliation 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 46

Verbs (Choosing the right verb to convey the right idea)

Tense (1) Present tense • 確立された(一般的な)知識 “Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state by transfer of nuclear contents unto oocytes or by fusion with embryonic stem (ES) cells. ” • 研究成果/summary “Here, we demonstrate induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by inducing four factors, …” • 仮説(Hypothesis) “…based on our hypothesis that such factors also play pivotal roles in the maintenance of ES cell identity…” • Figures and tables Figure 1 shows/illustrates… 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 48

Tense (2) Past tense • 特別な発見 (literature review) Scott proved that… • 現在の研究の説明 “We selected 24 genes as candidates for factors that induce pluripotency in somatic cells…” 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 49

Tense (3) Present perfect tense • 結果が既に真実と知られている先行研究、現在議論 されている先行研究 Studies have suggested that… • 先行研究でペーパーを直接参照していないものを議 論するとき (usually put in brackets) “Several genes that are frequently upregulated in tumors, such as Stat 3 (Matsuda et al. , 1999; Niwa et al. , 1998), E-Ras (Takahashi et al. , 2003), c-myc (Cartwright et al. , 2005), Klf 4 (Li et al. , 2005), and b-catenin (Kielman et al. , 2002; Sato et al. , 2004), have been shown to contribute to the long-term maintenance of the ES cell phenotype and the rapid proliferation of ES cells in culture. ” 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 50

Voice (態) Active 1 st person: We carried out an experiment 2 nd person: You carried out an experiment 3 rd person: The authors carried out an experiment Passive An experiment was carried out (…by the authors? …by other researchers? ) Formal 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 51

modal • opinion, possibility may, might, can, could, will • opinion Should, ought to, must, have to may not, might not, shouldn't, wouldn't can't, won't, impossible 2020/11/1 Academic Writing 6 52