2020 21 Societal Impacts Digital footprint Netiquettes Data

2020 -21 Societal Impacts. Digital footprint, Netiquettes, Data protection, IPR, FOSS Informatics Practices Class XII BY : S. N. SRIVASTAV

Free and Open Source software(FOSS) Societal Impact FOSS is a kind of software that allows users to not only freely run the program for any purpose, but also provides users access to its source code. Moreover, it also allows us to modify as we wish, as well as freely distribute copies of the original version or their altered version. Following criteria must be met for FOSS Source code must be included. Anyone must be allowed to modify the source code. Modified versions can be redistributed.

Societal Impact The license must not require the exclusion of other It must be free. Example of Free and Open source software • • As Operating system – linux, Ubuntu As dbms – mysql, mongodb, SQlite As Programming language – java, php, python As internet browser/webserver – chromium, firfox/ apache http server, apache tomcat Types of Software based on use: Free Software – Free Software those which are freely accessible, freely used, changed, improved, copied and distributed. It

Societal Impact provides all types of freedom. The term ‘Free’ means‘Freedom’ at very little or No cost. The Source Code is also available with Free Software. Open Source Software: Open Source Software can be freely used, changed, improved, copied and Re-distributed but it may have some cost for the media and support for further development. Source Code is also available with OSS. It can be modified and redistributed with some guidelines. The License may restrict source-code from being distributed and modification to maintain the Author’s integrity. A software which is FREE as well as OPEN, called Free & Open Source Software (FOSS) or Free Libre & Open Source Software (FLOSS). Proprietary Software: These Software neither open nor freely available. They must have some cost and Source code is also not given since it is property of the developer

Societal Impact organization. No change, copy and distribution are allowed or regulated by the permission of the vendor or supplier. Freeware: These are available free of cost. They can be used, copied, distributed but no modification is allowed because Source Code is not available. One example is Microsoft internet explorer. Shareware: These software freely used, copied and distributed for a certain period of time. It is stipulated that if one intends to use the software often after a certain period of time , then a license is to be paid. After expiry, you have to purchase or uninstall them. Modification is not possible due to non-availability of thesource code. These are the Demo

Societal Impact version and freely distributed for trial purpose. The software usually includes a timed mechanism which limits functionality after a trial period of usually one to three month. COPYLEFTED SOFTWARE : Copylefted software is free software whose distribution terms ensures that all copies of all versions carry more or less the same distribution terms. i. e copyleft licence generally disallow others to additional requirements to software and require making source code available. W 3 C : W 3 C stands for world wide web consortium. W 3 C is responsible for producing the software standard for world

Societal Impact wide web and to lead the www to its full potential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability. LICENCES : GPL - General Public License(GNU GPL), is the most commonly used free software license, written by Richard Stallman in 1989 of Free Software Foundation for GNU Project. This license allows software to be freely used(means freedom for use, not price wise free), modified, and redistributed by anyone. Word. Press is also an example of software released under the GPL license, that’s why it can be used, modified, and extended by anyone.

Societal Impact Core values of GPL software • Anyone can download and run the software • Anyone can modify it • Anyone can redistribute free copies of the software • Anyone can distribute modified versions of the software. One of the primary aspects of the GPL is copyleft. Copyleft is a play on the word copyright, but with similar concept. Means same protection is applied over the softwares developed over the GPL software. For this reason any work based on Word. Press inherits the GPL license. The GPL itself is under the copyright ownership of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), a tax-exempt charity organization founded by Stallman's GNU project in order to generate funding for free software development.

Societal Impact Advantages of publishing software under GPL (General Public License): • Regular feedback from users helps in the development of software in new areas. • Open source software aids to the free development of several other open source software. • It will get technical support from the developer’s community. • The cost of software maintenance will be reduced as the volunteers’ increases. Make whatever modification to the software you want. GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (LGPL): This is another GNU license : the lesser general public license. It offer lesser right to a work than the standard GPL license. The LGPL is used to license free software so that it can be incorporated into both free software and proprietary software.

Societal Impact Mostly LGPL is used by libraries. LGPL is also called GNU libraries. BSD License : BSD licenses represents a family of permissive free software licenses that have fewer restrictions on distribution compared to other free software licenses such as GNU General public license. There are two important versions of BSD license : NEW BSD LICENSE : It allows unlimited redistribution for any purpose as long as its copyright notices and license disclaimer of warranty is maintained SIMPLIFIED/FREE BSD License : It is different from new BSD license in sense that latter omits non endorsement clause. Apache License: The Apache License is a free and open source software (FOSS) licensing agreement from the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Beginning in 1995,

Societal Impact the Apache Group (later the Apache Software Foundation) Their initial license was essentially the same as the old BSD license. Apache did likewise and created the Apache License v 1. 1 - a slight variation on the modified BSD license. In 2004 Apache decided to depart from the BSD model a little more radically, and produced the Apache License v 2. Main Features Of The Apache License. Rights are perpetual , worldwide , irrevocable and non exclusive. Rights are granted for no fee or royalty. • copy, modify and distribute the covered software in source and/or binary forms. exercise patent rights that would normally only extend to the licensor. • all copies, modified or unmodified, are accompanied by a copy of the license. • all modifications are clearly marked as being the work of the modifier

Societal Impact • all notices of copyright, trademark and patent rights are reproduced accurately in distributed copies 1 Marker Question Q- Write the full form of the following LGPL OSS FLOSS GNU FSF Q- WHAT IS SHAREWARE

Societal Impact Q- GIVE ONE EXAMPLE OF FREEWARE Q- WHICH IS THE LEAST RESTRICTIVE LICENSE True/false Q- OSS can be used for commercial purpose Q- shareware software allows you to try the software before you buy it Q- freeware and free software mean the same thing 3 MARKER QUESTION Q -Differntiate between sharefree and freeware

Q- EXPLAIN GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE SOCIETAL IMPACT

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