2017 ISTEC 17072017 Seminaris Campus Hotel Berlin Germany

2017 ISTEC 17/07/2017 Seminaris Campus Hotel Berlin, Germany Teaching English for Chemistry at a Japanese University Makoto Shimizu*, Masaki Murata**, and Kris Ramonda* *Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science makoto@rs. kagu. tus. ac. jp **Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University 1

1. Introduction • Japanese learners experience difficulty in English • 85% of Japanese CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) A 1, lowest 2

1. Introduction • Globalism = English • Even undergraduate students required to read and write academic articles in English 3

1. Introduction • Coxhead (2000 a, b) • Basic word list, 2, 000 words • Academic Word List, 800 words • 3, 000 words cover 95% of academic writing • EGAP (English for General Academic Purposes) academic word lists compiled since then 4

1. Introduction • Hyland & Tse (2008) • Not EGAP but ESAP (English for Specific Academic Purposes) • ESAP academic word lists compiled since then 5

1. Introduction What are the best basic word list and the best ESAP list like for undergraduate students at a science university in Japan? 6

2. Methods Basic word list • JACET 2188 academic oriented • General Service List (GSL) West (1953), NGSL, BNC, COCA, Oxford 2000/3000 conversation-oriented 7

2. Methods Academic word list • Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > JACS • “Tailored” corpus, i. e. JACS 8

2. Methods ・Data 100 papers from online journal of organic chemistry Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) 2006 -2012, 620, 545 words ・How to compile a corpus and retrieve words See Shimizu & Murata (2010, 2012, 2013, 2015) 9

2. Methods 1) Parse texts, tag & stem words, and extract words 2) Select frequent nouns, verbs (over 50), adjectives, adverbs, and others (over 100) 3) Delete words enlisted in New JACET 2188 4) Take chemistry experts’ advice and delete and add words 10

3. Results • JACS Academic Word List Noun = 598 Verb = 134 Adj = 38 Adv = 4 Others = 4 Total = 787 11

3. Results • Top 10 nouns Figure (1064), datum (742), protein (722), molecule (495), complex (459), substrate (480), p. H (438), NMR (426), spectra (425), mechanism (419) ・EGAP = 14. 16% 12

3. Results • Top 10 verbs observe (595), support (519), determine (425), contain (419), bind (415), suggest (405), form (378), obtain (377), provide (364), indicate (335) ・EGAP = 28. 57% 13

3. Results • Top 10 adjectives experimental (480), binding (362), molecular (346), structural (298), catalytic (269), solvent (251), significant (223), consistent (211), available (205), radical (179) ・EGAP = 37. 57% 14

3. Results • Top 10 adverbs respectively (199), previously (164), significantly (131), approximately (100), relatively (97), typically (67), furthermore (67), readily (64), experimentally (64), negatively (61) ・EGAP = 28. 57% 15

3. Results • Others due to (101), such as (86), whereas (84), as well as (54) ・EGAP = 100% 16

4. Discussion • EGAP Academic Word List Paquot (2010) Academic Keyword List (AKL)（929 words, 354 nouns, 233 verbs, 180 adjectives, 87 adverbs, 75 others） 17

4. Discussion • AKL (929 words) vs JACS AWL (776 words) Common to AKL and JACS AWL 142 18. 29 % 83 nouns (14. 16 %), 38 verbs (28. 57 %), 12 adjectives (37. 57 %), 4 adverbs, (28. 57 %), 4 others (100%) 18

4. Discussion • Nouns common to AKL and JACS AWL EGAP Words Figure, datum, mechanism 19

4. Discussion • Nouns occurring only in JACS AWL Most words specific to chemistry protein, molecule, complex, substrate, p. H, NMR, spectra 20

4. Discussion • Nouns occurring in AKL only Irrelevant to Chemistry ability, action, advice, adult, age, etc ・EGAP = inefficient 21

4. Discussion ・Coverage New JACET 2188 (2188 words) = 70% JACS AWL (776 words) = 15. 72% 2969 words = 85. 72% 22

5. Conclusion ・Basic Word List + ESAP AWL = an efficient platform for English for Chemistry ・Coverage JACET 2188 + JACS AWL = 85. 72% -> 90 % -> 95 % 23

Websites ・Makoto Shimizu (Academic Word Lists) http: //www. rs. kagu. tus. ac. jp/makoto ・Shinichi Ishikawa (New. JACET 8000) http: //language. sakura. ne. jp/s/voc. html 24

Acknowledgments • Supported by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (No 24520655). • Thanks to Koichi Tsukiyama, Motoyuki Simonaka, Hidetoshi Kawai, and Kazuo Miyamura at Tokyo University of Science for their valuable comments on English for Chemistry. 25

References Biber, D. , Johnasson, S. , Leech, G. , Conrand, S. , and Finegan, E. (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written Language, London: Longman Charniak, Eugene. (2000). A maximum-entropy-inspired parser. Proceedings of NAACL, 132 -139. Coxhead, A. (2000 a). The Academic Word List: A Corpus-based Word List for Academic Purposes. in Kettemann, B. and Marco, G. (eds. ), Language and Computers, Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Teaching and Language Corpora, Graz 19 -24 July, 2000, 213 -238. Coxhead, A. (2000 b). A New Academic Word List. TESOL Quarterly 34: 2, 213 -238. Hyland, K. & Tse, P. (2007). Is there an "Academic Vocabulary"? TESOL Quarterly 41: 2, 235 -253. 26

References Granger, S. & Paquot, M. (2009). Lexical verbs in academic discourse: A corpus-driven study of learner use. in M. Charles, D. Pecorari, and S. Hunston (eds. ) Academic Writing: At the Interface of Corpus and Discourse, London: Continuum. Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing, London: Continuum. Schmid, H. (1997). Probabilistic part-of-speech tagging using decision trees. In D. Jones & H. Somers (eds. ) New methods in language processing. London: UCL Press. Shimizu, M. , Murata, M. , Nakatani, Y. & Hijikata, Y. (2010) Vt+N patterns in physical chemistry papers. Glo. CALL 2010, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia 1 -3 December, 2010. Shimizu, M. , & Murata (2012). Passive and active voices in scientific 27 papers. Asia. TEFL 2012, New Delhi, India 4 -6 October, 2012.

References Shimizu, M. , & Murata, M. (2013). Passive and active voices in engineering papers. Glo. CALL 2013, Da Nang, Viet Nam 28 -30 November, 2013. Shimizu, M. , & Murata, M. (2015). Active and passive voices in biology. Cam. TESOL 2015, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 28 February-1 March, 2015. http: //camtesol. org/pastconferences/2015 -conference/Stream EAP. zip/EAP 03. Verdaguer, I. , Laso, N. J. , and Salazar, D. (eds) (2013). Biomedical English: A Corpus-based Approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. West, M. (1953). A General Service List of English Words. London: Longman. 28