2014 U S History End of Course Test

2014 U. S. History End of Course Test Review Domain 3: Industrialization, Reform and Imperialism

Railroads n n Helped growth, expansion west n Easier access West East Transcontinental Railroad: n Started: 1862, Completed: 1869 n Built by Irish, Chinese immigrants n. Dangerous conditions n. Suffered racism, abuse

Big Business “Robber Barons” n Got rich developing industries n John Rockefeller: n Founded Standard Oil n Largest trust in America; controlled oil industry n Key figure in industrial revolution n

Biznass Trust: Business formed to monopolize a market (eliminate competition) n Monopoly: Company has complete control of market (no competition), can manipulate price of goods n

Thomas Edison Phonograph (Sound recorder) n Motion-picture camera (movies) n Electric light bulb n Do things after dark in factories, offices, homes n Inventions encouraged growth of industry n

Native Americans, The West Natives forced off lands by Americans settling the West n Wounded Knee: Last big armed conflict between troops, Natives n Sitting Bull: Led Natives at Wounded Knee n U. S. soldiers kill 300 (mostly) unarmed Native men, women, kids n

Immigration n n 1850 -1900: Immigration boom n Seek better life, flee hardships, persecution Industrialization led to immigration (Need cheap labor) Ellis Island: Reception center in NYC Immigrants likely to be poor, settle in tenements, slums, work factory jobs Origin– Pre-Civil War: Western Europe; Post-War: Eastern, Southern Europe

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 n Nativism (Opposing immigration) n Response to large number of Chinese working (cheaply) in West n Banned immigration of new Chinese to U. S.

Labor Unions n Organizations of workers formed to protect members’ interests n American Federation of Labor n Led by Samuel Gompers n Wages, hours, conditions

Pullman Strike (1894) Pullman Streetcar lays off workers n Union strikes n Company closes plant n Boycott of Pullman n Rail traffic stops-- no mail delivery n President sends troops to end strike n Gov’t intervenes for Big Business n

American Imperialism n n n U. S. begins to flex muscles in world, especially Central, South America n More economic markets for U. S. n Maintain national security n Maintain national pride Late 1800 s: U. S. begins to acquire colonies around world Isolationism: Do not expand

Spanish-American War (1898) n Started by explosion of U. S. S. Maine n n n Yellow Journalism: Sensationalizes situation, blames Spain USA gets Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines Cuba granted ‘independence’ n Platt Amendment: U. S. gets right to intervene in Cuba

Panama Canal T. Roosevelt wanted canal for U. S. ships n Military, Economic n To connect Atlantic, Pacific Oceans to avoid trip around South America n U. S. helps Panama win independence from Columbia n Gets land for canal n Returned to Panama n

T. Roosevelt Corollary (1904) n Addition to Monroe Doctrine n Monroe: No European influence in the Americas n Roosevelt: U. S. has right to intervene if nation has trouble paying its debts

Progressive Era Reform movement n In government, business, society n Response to: n Concentrated wealth n Harsh work, living conditions n Gov’t corruption n Called for: n Regulation of business, protect workers and consumers, conserve natural resources, morality laws n

Hull House Opened by Jane Addams n “Settlement House” in Chicago n n Settlement houses built in most major cities n Provided education, health care and services to the poor n. Especially women, immigrants

Conservation Movement n Led by Theodore Roosevelt to preserve more than 150 million acres n Created National Park System to protect land from development

Muckrakers n n n Writers exposed problems in politics, business, society Ida Tarbell: n Wrote History of Standard Oil (1904) n Exposed corruption of Rockefeller's monopoly (Big Business in general) Upton Sinclair: n Wrote The Jungle (1906) n Exposed unsanitary, meatpacking conditions n Led to Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act

Jim Crow Laws n Required segregation of races n Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) n Upheld Jim Crow n “Separate but equal” n Made segregation legal in the U. S.

W. E. B. Du Bois n n Pro-integration Blacks must be politically, legally, socially active to achieve equality 1909: Founded National Association for the Advancement of Colored People n Combat discrimination Booker T. Washington: n Pro-separation; Racism will end when blacks acquire useful labor skills

Labor Laws n Come after outcry over living, working conditions n Minimum age laws n Restricting work hours n Requiring safer work conditions n Triangle Factory Fire (Locked doors)

Political Reforms n n Direct election of Senators: Citizens elect U. S. Senators (not state legislatures) Initiative: Citizen places issue on voting ballot Recall: Hold vote to remove office holders Referendum: Voters vote on proposed laws

Progressive Amendments n 16 th: Congress power to collect income taxes n 17 th: Direct election of senators n 18 th: Prohibition of alcohol n 19 th: Women’s suffrage