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Sun Key Chemical cycling Energy flow Heat Primary producers © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary consumers Detritus Secondary and tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores 4

Measures of Production GPP: Gross Primary Production (energy converted to chemical energy of organic compounds in a given amount of time) NPP: Net Primary Production (includes only GPP not used for respiration in the producers) NPP = GPP – Ra NEP: Net Ecosystem Production (total accumulation of biomass) NEP = GPP – RT © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Technique Percent reflectance 80 60 Snow Clouds Vegetation 40 Soil 20 Liquid water 0 400 600 Visible 800 1, 000 1, 200 Near-infrared Wavelength (nm) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Net primary production (kg carbon/m 2 • yr) 3 2 1 0 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Phytoplankton density (millions of cells per m. L) Results 30 Ammonium enriched 24 Phosphate enriched 18 Unenriched control 12 6 0 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A B C D E Collection site F G 8

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Net annual primary production (above ground, dry g/m 2 • yr) 1, 400 1, 200 1, 000 800 600 400 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Mean annual precipitation (cm) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

Plant material eaten by caterpillar 200 J 67 J Feces 100 J Cellular respiration 33 J Not assimilated © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Growth (new biomass; secondary production) Assimilated 11

Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers 10 J 100 J Primary consumers 1, 000 J Primary producers 10, 000 J 1, 000 J of sunlight © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Trophic level Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary producers Dry mass (g/m 2) 1. 5 11 37 809 (a) Most ecosystems (data from a Florida bog) Trophic level Primary consumers (zooplankton) Primary producers (phytoplankton) Dry mass (g/m 2) 21 4 (b) Some aquatic ecosystems (data from the English Channel) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

Ecosystem type Arctic Subarctic Boreal Temperate Grassland Mountain A G M T U S H, I N L B, C D E, F O K Q © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. P J R Results Percent of mass lost Experiment 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 − 15 A R U O K Q T P S J DF N I C M L H B E G − 10 − 5 0 5 10 15 Mean annual temperature (°C) 14

Movement over land by wind Precipitation over ocean Evaporation from ocean Precipitation over land Evapotranspiration from land Runoff and groundwater Percolation through soil The water cycle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

CO 2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Photo. Cellular synthesis respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Phytoplankton Consumers Decomposition The carbon cycle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16

N 2 in atmosphere Reactive N gases Industrial fixation Denitrification N fertilizers Fixation NO 3− Runoff Dissolved organic N Aquatic cycling NH 4 NO 3− Terrestrial cycling Denitrification Decomposition and sedimentation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Assimilation Decomposition Fixation in root nodules The nitrogen cycle N 2 NO 3− Uptake of amino acids Nitrification Ammonification NH 4 17

Wind-blown dust Geologic uplift Weathering of rocks Runoff Consumption Decomposition Plankton Dissolved PO 43− Leaching Uptake Plant uptake of PO 43− Sedimentation Decomposition The phosphorus cycle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

(a) Concrete dam and weir Nitrate concentration in runoff (mg/L) (b) Clear-cut watershed 80 60 40 20 4 3 2 1 0 Deforested Completion of tree cutting 1965 Control 1966 1967 1968 (c) Nitrate in runoff from watersheds © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

(a) In 1991, before restoration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) In 2000, near the completion of restoration 20

Concentration of soluble uranium ( M) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Days after adding ethanol (a) Wastes containing uranium, Oak Ridge National Laboratory © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Decrease in concentration of soluble uranium in groundwater 21