2014 Pearson Education Inc 1 2014 Pearson Education

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

Genetic diversity: source of variations that enable populations to adapt to environmental changes Species diversity: important in maintaining structure of communities and food webs Ecosystem diversity: provides life-sustaining services such as nutrient cycling and waste decomposition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Philippine eagle Yangtze River dolphin © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

4. 8 4. 7 4. 6 p. H 4. 5 4. 4 4. 3 4. 2 4. 1 4. 0 1960 ’ 65 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ’ 70 ’ 75 ’ 80 ’ 85 ’ 90 Year ’ 95 2000 ’ 05 ’ 10 10

Small population Inbreeding, genetic drift Lower reproduction, higher mortality Loss of genetic variability Lower individual fitness and population adaptability Smaller population © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Number of male birds Results 200 150 100 Translocation 50 Eggs hatched (%) 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Year (a) Population dynamics 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 1970–’ 74 ’ 75–’ 79 ’ 80–’ 84 ’ 85–’ 89 (b) Hatching rate © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Years ’ 90 ’ 93–’ 97 12

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16

Equator Earth’s terrestrial ( ) and marine ( ) biodiversity hot spots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

0 50 100 Kilometers MONTANA Yellowstone National Park MONTANA IDAHO Sn ak . IDAHO WYOMING e. R Grand Teton National Park © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. WYOMING Biotic boundary for short-term survival; MVP is 50 individuals. Biotic boundary for long-term survival; MVP is 500 individuals. 18

Nicaragua CARIBBEAN SEA Costa Rica National park land Buffer zone PACIFIC OCEAN © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

Concentration of PCBs Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Lake trout 4. 83 ppm Smelt 1. 04 ppm Zooplankton 0. 123 ppm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phytoplankton 0. 025 ppm 21

Pharmaceuticals Toilet Humans Farm animals Sludge Manure Farms Agricultural runoff Treated effluent Sewage treatment plant © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lakes and rivers 22

14. 9 390 14. 8 14. 7 14. 6 370 Temperature 14. 5 360 14. 4 350 14. 3 14. 2 340 CO 2 330 14. 1 14. 0 13. 9 320 13. 8 310 300 Average global temperature ( C) CO 2 concentration (ppm) 380 13. 7 13. 6 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

(a) Current range © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) 4. 5 C warming over next century (c) 6. 5 C warming over next century 24

6 5 4 3 2 1 Human population (billions) 7 0 8000 4000 3000 2000 1000 BCE BCE BCE © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 0 1000 2000 CE CE 25

2. 2 2. 0 Annual percent increase 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 2011 1. 2 Projected data 1. 0 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1950 1975 2000 Year 2025 2050 26

Energy use (GJ): © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 300 150– 300 50– 150 10– 50 10 27