2013 Pearson Aggregate Expenditure Multiplier 30 CHECKPOINTS 2013

© 2013 Pearson

Aggregate Expenditure Multiplier 30 CHECKPOINTS © 2013 Pearson

Click on the button to go to the problem Checkpoint 30. 1 Checkpoint 30. 2 Problem 1 Problem 2 Problem 1 Clicker version Problem 2 Checkpoint 30. 3 Problem 1 Problem 2 Problem 3 Clicker version Problem 3 In the news Problem 4 Clicker version In the news © 2013 Pearson Clicker version

Click on the button to go to the problem Checkpoint 30. 4 Problem 1 Problem 2 In the news © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 Practice Problem 1 The marginal propensity to consume is 0. 8. If disposable income increases by $0. 5 trillion, by how much will consumption expenditure change? © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 Solution The marginal propensity to consume is the fraction of a change in disposable income that is spent on consumption. Consumption expenditure will increase by 0. 8 multiplied by the change in disposable income of $0. 5 trillion. Consumption expenditure will increase $0. 4 trillion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 Practice Problem 2 Explain how each of the following events influences the U. S. consumption function: • The marginal propensity to consume decreases. • U. S. autonomous consumption decreases. • Americans expect an increase in future income. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 Solution The marginal propensity to consume equals the slope of the consumption function. So when the marginal propensity to consume decreases, the consumption function becomes flatter. Autonomous consumption is the y-axis intercept of the consumption function. So when autonomous expenditure decreases, the consumption function shifts downward. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 When expected future income increases, current consumption expenditure increases. The consumption function shifts upward. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 Study Plan Problem When the marginal propensity to consume decreases, the U. S. consumption function ______. A. B. C. D. becomes flatter becomes steeper shifts upward shifts downward © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 When when autonomous expenditure decreases, the U. S. consumption function ______. A. B. C. D. becomes flatter becomes steeper shifts upward shifts downward © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 When expected future income increases, the U. S. consumption function ______. A. B. C. D. becomes flatter becomes steeper shifts upward shifts downward © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 Practice Problem 3 The figure shows the consumption function. What is the marginal propensity to consume, and what is autonomous consumption? © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 Solution When disposable income increases by $100 billion, consumption expenditure increases by $80 billion. MPC is $80 billion ÷ $100 billion. = 0. 8. Autonomous consumption (consumption expenditure that is independent of disposable income) equals the y-axis intercept and is $80 billion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 In the news Personal income falls as spending rises Personal income fell 0. 1% in August, after increasing 0. 1% in July, while personal spending rose just 0. 2% in August, after rising 0. 8% in July. Source: CNN Money, September 30, 2011 How can consumers increase spending when personal income falls? Does the rise in consumer spending arise from a movement along the consumption function or a shift of the consumption function? Explain your answer. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 1 Solution Other things remaining the same, a fall in personal income brings a fall in consumption expenditure in a movement along the consumption function. When an incraese in consumption expenditure occurs at the same time that personal income decreases, the consumption function has shifted upward. Autonomous consumption expenditure has increased as households spent part of their past savings. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Practice Problem 1 The table gives real GDP (Y) and its components in billions of dollars. Calculate aggregate planned expenditure when real GDP is $200 billion and when real GDP is $600 billion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Solution Aggregate planned expenditure equals C + I + G + X – M. When real GDP is $200 billion, aggregate planned expenditure equals ($170 + $50 + $60 $30) billion = $310 billion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Aggregate planned expenditure equals C + I + G + X – M. When real GDP is $600 billion, aggregate planned expenditure equals ($410 + $50 + $60 $90) billion = $490 billion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Study Plan Problem The table gives real GDP (Y) and its components in billions of dollars. If real GDP is $200 billion, then aggregate planned expenditure is _____. A. B. C. D. $340 billion $370 billion $310 billion $280 billion © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 The table gives real GDP (Y) and its components in billions of dollars. If real GDP is $600 billion, then aggregate planned expenditure is _____. A. B. C. D. $670 billion $490 billion $580 billion $550 billion © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Practice Problem 2 The table gives real GDP (Y) and its components in billions of dollars. Calculate equilibrium expenditure. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Solution Equilibrium expenditure occurs when aggregate planned expenditure equals real GDP. When real GDP is $400 billion, aggregate planned expenditure equals ($290 + $50 + $60 – $60) billion = $400 billion. Equilibrium expenditure is $400 billion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Practice Problem 3 The table gives real GDP (Y) and its components in billions of dollars. If real GDP is $200 billion, explain the process that moves the economy toward equilibrium expenditure. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Solution If real GDP is $200 billion, aggregate planned expenditure is $310 billion. Aggregate planned expenditure exceeds real GDP, so firms’ inventories decrease. Expenditure plans are not fulfilled. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Firms increase production to restore their inventories Real GDP increases. As long as aggregate planned expenditure exceeds real GDP, firms will increase production to restore their inventories to their target level. Real GDP will increase until real GDP is $400 billion—equilibrium expenditure. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Study Plan Problem If real GDP (Y) is $200 billion, an unplanned ______ in inventories leads firms to _____ production, which _____ real GDP toward equilibrium. A. B. C. D. E. increase; decreases decrease; decreases increase; decrease; increases decrease; increase; decreases © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Practice Problem 4 The table gives real GDP (Y) and its components in billions of dollars. If real GDP is $600 billion, explain the process that moves the economy toward equilibrium expenditure. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Solution If real GDP is $600 billion, aggregate planned expenditure is $490 billion. Aggregate planned expenditure is less than real GDP, so firms’ inventories increase. Firms cut production and try to reduce their inventories. Real GDP decreases. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 As long as aggregate planned expenditure is less than real GDP, firms’ inventories will increase. Firms will cut production and try to reduce their inventories to their target level. Real GDP decreases. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Study Plan Problem If real GDP is $600 billion, an unplanned _______ in inventories leads firms to _______ production, which ______ real GDP toward equilibrium. A. B. C. D. E. increase; decreases decrease; decreases increase; decrease; increases decrease; increase; decreases © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 In the news Wholesale inventories decline, sales rise Wholesale inventories fell 1. 3 percent in August, which helped depress economic output during the recession. Rising sales might encourage businesses to begin restocking their inventories, which would help boost economic growth. Source: The New York Times, October 8, 2009 Explain why a fall in inventories is associated with recession and a restocking of inventories might bolster economic growth. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 2 Solution When firms reduce their target level of inventories, planned investment falls and equilibrium expenditure and real GDP decrease—as occurred during the year to August 2009. When firms plan to restock their inventories, the reverse occurs. Equilibrium expenditure and real GDP increase. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 Practice Problem 1 An economy has no imports and no income taxes, MPC is 0. 80, and real GDP is $150 billion. Businesses increase investment by $5 billion. Calculate the multiplier and the change in real GDP. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 Solution The multiplier equals 1/(1 – MPC). MPC is 0. 8, so the multiplier is 5. The multiplier = Change in real GDP ÷ Investment Change in real GDP = Investment × Multiplier = $5 billion × 5. Real GDP increases by $25 billion. The increase in investment increases real GDP by the multiplier (5) times the change in investment ($5 billion). © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 Practice Problem 2 An economy has no imports and no income taxes, MPC is 0. 80, and real GDP is $150 billion. Businesses increase investment by $5 billion. Calculate the new level of real GDP and explain why real GDP increases by more than $5 billion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 Solution The multiplier equals 1/(1 – MPC). MPC is 0. 8, so the multiplier is 5. The increase in investment increases real GDP by the multiplier (5) times the change in investment ($5 billion). Real GDP increases by $25 billion to $175 billion. Real GDP increases by more than $5 billion because the increase in investment induces an increase in consumption expenditure. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 Practice Problem 3 An economy has no imports and no income taxes. An increase in autonomous expenditure of $2 trillion increases equilibrium expenditure by $8 trillion. Calculate the multiplier and the marginal propensity to consume. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 Solution The multiplier equals the increase in equilibrium expenditure ($8 trillion) divided by the increase in autonomous expenditure ($2 trillion). The multiplier is 4. The multiplier is 1/(1 – MPC). So 4 = 1/(1 – MPC), and MPC is 0. 75. The marginal propensity to consume is 0. 75. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 Study Plan Problem In an economy has no imports and no income taxes, an increase in autonomous expenditure of $2 trillion increases equilibrium expenditure by $8 trillion. Calculate the multiplier and the marginal propensity to consume. A. B. C. D. 4; 0. 25; – 3. 0 4; 0. 75; 4 © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 In the news Keystone XL pipeline—Alberta to the Gulf of Mexico Trans. Canada says building the $7 billion pipeline would put 20, 000 Americans directly to work during the construction phase and add an expected 118, 000 spin-off jobs. The project would also pump $20 billion into the U. S. economy. Source: CNN Money, September 30, 2011 Explain how Trans. Canada’s investment of $7 billion could create spin-off jobs and pump $20 billion into the U. S. economy. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 Solution The investment of $7 billion will increase real GDP by more than $7 billion because the investment multiplier exceeds 1. When construction begins, new jobs are created and these workers will receive an income. They will spend part of it on consumption goods and services, which in turn will create jobs in other industries—spin-off jobs. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 3 These workers will earn an income. They will spend part of the income on consumption goods and services. Trans. Canada says that the multiplier is $20 billion ÷ $7 billion, which is almost 3, an optimistic estimate. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 4 Practice Problem 1 The table sets out the aggregate expenditure schedules. Make a graph of the AE curves at each price level. On the graph, mark the equilibrium expenditure at each price level. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 4 Solution © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 4 When the price level is 90, equilibrium expenditure is $4 trillion. When the price level is 100, equilibrium expenditure is $3 trillion. When the price level is 110, equilibrium expenditure is $2 trillion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 4 Practice Problem 2 The table sets out the aggregate expenditure schedules. Construct the aggregate demand schedule and plot the AD curve. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 4 Solution The quantity of real GDP demanded at each price level equals the equilibrium expenditure. For example, at a price level of 90, the quantity of real GDP demanded is $4 trillion. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 4 The table sets out the aggregate demand schedule and the figure plots the data. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 4 In the news Price jump worst in 3 years An increase in the price of essentials such as oil, food and cotton left U. S. consumers struggling with the highest inflation rate in three years. Source: CNN Money, September 26, 2011 Explain the effect of a rise in the price level on equilibrium expenditure. © 2013 Pearson

CHECKPOINT 30. 4 Solution A rise in the price level decreases consumption expenditure, which decreases aggregate planned expenditure and shifts the AE curve downward. Equilibrium expenditure decreases. © 2013 Pearson