2009 http nobelprize orgnobelprizesmedicinelaureates2009 Sizes in Biology tallest

2009諾貝爾醫學獎 http: //nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/)

Sizes in Biology tallest trees adult human chicken egg frog embryo most eukaryotic cells mitochondrion most bacteria virus proteins diameter of DNA double helix atoms

Animal Cell

Plant Cell Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, and frequently waterfilled vacuoles

Types of chromosomes: (1). Metacentric chromosomes中央著絲粒 染色體 (2). Submetacentric chromosomes亞中央 著絲粒染色體 (3). Subtelocentric (Acrocentric) chromosomes近端著絲粒染色體 (4). Telocentric chromosomes末端著絲粒 染色體

(1). Metacentric chromosomes中央著絲粒染色體 (2). Submetacentric chromosomes亞中央著絲粒染色體 (3). Subtelocentric (Acrocentric) chromosomes近端著絲粒染色 體 (4). Telocentric chromosomes末端著絲粒染色體 Terminology for chromosome morphology

Meiotic nondisjunction

Cell – Chromosome – Gene – m. RNA – Protein The Central Dogma m. RNA

The Flow of Genetic Information The Central Dogma – 分子生物學的中心教條: RNA Replication DNA DNA DNA RNA DNA RNA Transcription Reverse Transcription RNA Translation Protein DNA-dependent DNA Polymerase (DNA Replicase) DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (Transcriptase) RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase (Reverse Transcriptase) RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RNA Replicase) DNA 合成酶、轉錄酶、反轉錄酶、RNA合成酶

From DNA sequence to amino acid sequene: gene (a) gene in DNA (template strand) codon (b) m. RNA (codons) anticodon (c) t. RNA (anticodons) amino acids (d) protein (amino acids)

Chromosome “Painting” and Trisomic 21 Trisomy 21 Incidence of ~ 1/800 Phenotype: Mental retardation Congenital heart disease Premature senility Trisomic 21 = Down Syndrome = 唐氏症

人類的性別 Sex Determination in Humans X A -- Y --B --Sry X Y B -- --A --Sry XY Female 1. Chromosome level: 2. Gene level: 2. XX No Sry female Sry male 3. XY male 3. Developmental (Receptor) level 4. Psychological level XX male