2006 Nobel Prize in Physics JeAn Gu National
2006 Nobel Prize in Physics 諾貝爾物理獎通俗演講 初見宇宙種子、萬物之源 ¾ 於宇宙太古照片中尋找萬物起源的蛛絲馬跡 Je-An Gu (顧哲安) National Center for Theoretical Sciences (NCTS) * Many thanks to Prof. K-W. Ng (吳建宏) for providing many of the slides. 2006/11/28 @ CYCU
CONTENTS v 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics (brief report) v History of 20 th-Century Cosmology v Modern Cosmology v Story about COBE v Outlook (basics) (Smoot’s view)
(from: Nobelprize. org)
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) ( relic photons of Hot Big Bang ) opaque transparent
Last Scattering Surface ( http: //map. gsfc. nasa. gov ) a snap shot of early universe
“泛黃” 宇宙太古照片 (edited by Prof. Ng) AT&T Bell 1978 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson NASA 2006 John Mather George Smoot NASA Plus many other observations
(edited by Prof. Ng) (Cosmic Background launched on Nov Explorer) 18, 1989 Diffuse Infra. Red Background Experiment (DIRBE) Far Infra. Red Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) (DMR) Differential Microwave Radiometer
(Mather) FIRAS ( wavelength: 0. 05 cm – 1 cm ) Fig. 6. The first FIRAS result (Mather et al. 1990). Data had been accumulated during nine minutes in the direction of the northern galactic pole. The small squares show measurements with a conservative error estimate of 1%. The unit along the vertical axis is erg (cm s sr) 1. The relation to SI units is 1 MJy sr 1 = 2. 9979. 10 7 erg (cm s sr) 1. The full line is a fit to the blackbody form.
(Smoot) DMR Fig. DMR results (Smoot et al. 1992, http: //lambda. gsfc. nasa. gov/product/cobe/ ) in galactic coordinates (horizontally longitude from + 180° to -180°, vertically latitude from +90° to -90°, centre approximately on the Milky Way centre. The data from the 53 GHz band (6 mm wavelength) showing the near uniformity of the CMB (top), the dipole (middle) and the quadrupole and higher anisotropies with the dipole subtracted (bottom). The relative sensitivities from top to bottom are 1, 100 and 100, 000. The background from the Milky Way, not following a blackbody spectrum (visible as a horizontal red band in the bottom panel), hasnot been subtracted.
Importance of COBE Observation Black-body nature of CMB Found the seeds of the structures of our universe Support Hot Big Bang model Cosmology: Science Fiction Experimental Science (COBE: just a beginning)
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology
One hundred years ago, Universe - v Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ? v Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? v Compositions: ? ?
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant ( ) (for static cosmo. model) Albert Einstein
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant ( ) (for static cosmo. model) Albert Einstein 1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800, 000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy) Edwin Hubble
One hundred years ago, Universe - v Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ? v Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? v Compositions: ? ?
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology ( http: //map. gsfc. nasa. gov ) 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant ( ) – biggest blunder 1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s 1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800, 000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy) 1920 s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae 1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d (H: Hubble constant)
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant ( ) – biggest blunder 1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s 1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800, 000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy) 1920 s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae 1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d (H: Hubble constant)
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology 1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology) 1917 Einstein: cosmology constant ( ) – biggest blunder 1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s 1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800, 000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy) 1920 s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae 1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d (H: Hubble constant) 1927 – 1933 Lemaitre (priest @ Belgium): (prototype of Big Bang) “Hypothesis of Primordial Atom” (quantum)
One hundred years ago, Universe - v Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ? NOT YET (stay tuned) v Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? v Compositions: ? ?
(Hot) Big Bang Static Universe Gamow Hoyle Weakness: Singularity Beginning? Before Big Bang? Physics of early universe? (1950: create the name “Big Bang”) 1948 Hoyle ; Bondi & Gold: Model of static universe
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology Issue Origin and Abundance of Elements 1930 s Bethe & others: Sun heated by nuclear fusion 1938 Weizsacher: Stars NOT hot enough to cook up elements There must be a very-high-temperature “fire ball”. 1940 s Gamow, Alpher, Herman: model of cooking elements based on Big Bang (Alpher, Bethe and Gamow, Physical Review) 1940 s Alpher & Gamow: temperature of Universe ~ 5 K (CMB) (Unfortunately, there was NO technique of detecting CMB. ) (forgotten)
(Hot) Big Bang Age of Universe 1. 8 109 years (too small) 1~2 1010 years (Baade) Abundance of Elements H: ¾ , He: ¼ Matter Distribution The earlier, the denser. Temperature of Universe (heavier < 1%) Uniform distribution ~ 5 K Static Universe (made by stars) (nonuniform distribution) constant in time (NA) (1960 s 3. 5 K) (1990 s 2. 73 K) The profile of the present universe: not good enough. How about the look/photo of the early universe?
Winning of Big Bang 1950 s Ryle: radio nebulae – the further, the denser 1960 s (early) quasars (high redshift, even up to 3 or 4) -- indicating high-energy environment in the earlier time Before mid-1960 s Static Universe: dying 1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson: CMB – mercy stroke 3. 5 K “noise” / microwave background (wavelength: 7. 35 cm) isotropy ; black body radiation
Winning of Big Bang AT&T Bell (noise from “white insulator” ? ) Arno Penzias Robert Wilson ( http: //map. gsfc. nasa. gov )
Winning of Big Bang 1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson: CMB – mercy stroke 3. 5 K “noise” / microwave background (wavelength: 7. 35 cm) isotropy ; black body radiation May 21, 1965, Friday Signals Imply a 'Big Bang' Universe By WALTER SULLIVAN Scientists at the Bell Telephone Laboratories have observed what a group at Princeton University believes may be remnants of an explosion that gave birth to the universe.
One hundred years ago, Universe - v Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ? v Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? v Compositions: ? ?
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology 1960 s (late) T/T ~ 1/10 ? (If yes, easy to find. ) 1980 s Balloon exp’t , U-2 exp’t (e. g. Smoot): no T/T found Sensitivity of T/T : 10 4 Baryon dominated: T/T ~ 10 4 Dark Matter dominated: T/T down to <10 5 1980 s regarding the origin of the density fluctuations (seeds) models: Inflation vs. Topological Defect
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology (provided by Prof. K. W. Ng) Before COBE (1965 -1990) David Wilkinson @ Princeton George Smoot @ Berkeley In Proceedings of the Workshop on Particle Astrophysics: Forefront Experimental Issues, December 1988, Berkeley, California
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology Baryon dominated: T/T ~ 10 4 Dark Matter dominated: T/T down to <10 5 1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 10 5 ) 1990 Jan. 1 st Announcement (no T/T discovered) FIRAS (Mather): black body nature DMR (Smoot): dipole <1992 no T/T discovery announced (down to 10 5 ) (disappointment) (crisis of Big Bang? ) 1992/4/23 (Wed. ) Announcement: T/T discovered (l=1~20) Supporting Big Bang !!
Modern Cosmology
Avishai Dekel, SSI 2003 Accelerating !? (Dark Energy)
One hundred years ago, Universe - v Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ? v Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? v Compositions: ? ?
Rocky Kolb, SSI 2003 = 0. 22 = 0. 73 ? ?
Anti-gravity Dark Energy 73% Energy ? or Geometry? Extra Gravity Baryon 5% QCD Interaction Nonbaryonic Dark Matter 22% Matter ? Particle ? or Field?
Known? Unknown! The 95% of the energy in our universe is beyond our understanding !! What we understand contributes only 5% !!
20 th Century Great Achievement !! ~ End of Physics !? BUT
Only 5% !!
Known? Unknown! 5% 95% 知之為知之, 5% 不知為不知, 95% 是知也。 -論語為政篇 Present your understanding when you understand; recognize your not understanding when you don't understand; that's the true meaning of understanding. - By Confucius (Analects of Confucius)
Known? Unknown! Great Puzzles ? New Revolution !!
Story about COBE
Story about COBE 1974 – satellite observatory 1976 COBE proposal Original plan: launch in late 1988, carried by space shuttle Accidents!!! 1986/1/28 Challenger (space shuttle) explosion (7 dead) 1986/4/18 Titan 34 Ds (rocket) explosion 1986/5/4 Delta rocket failure Later plan: launch in 1989, carried by Delta rocket (1/2 smaller), (one more accident) 1989/10/17 Earthquake (7. 1) hit north California (60 dead) 1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 10 5 )
History of 20 th-Century Cosmology 1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 10 5 ) 1990 Jan. 1 st Announcement (no T/T discovered) FIRAS (Mather): black body nature DMR (Smoot): dipole <1992 no T/T discovery announced (down to 10 5 ) (disappointment)(crisis of Big Bang? ) 1991 Mar. Found T/T : quadrupole 1991 Oct. Found T/T distribution in the sky (l=1~20) 1991 Nov. –Dec. Exp’t @ South Pole (Smoot broke down. ) -- pinning down the noise from the Milky Way 1992/4/23 (Wed. ) Announcement: T/T discovered (l=1~20) Supporting Big Bang !!
Outlook
“泛黃” 宇宙太古照片 (CMB Milestones) (edited by Prof. Ng) AT&T Bell 1978 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson NASA 2006 John Mather George Smoot NASA Plus many other observations
Post-COBE
NASA WMAP Data & Cosmological Parameters C Tl CTEl 2002
Ongoing CMB Experiments (edited by Prof. Ng) Timbie 02 NASA WMAP launched in 6/2001 1 st year data 2/2003 3 rd year data 3/2006 0. 2 o l<1000 AMi. BA CBI Interferometer DASI VSA Radiometer CAPMAP Boomerang Balloon-borne bolometer Maxipol Bolometer BICEP QUAD Mauna Loa Chile South Pole Tenerife Princeton South Pole New Mexico South Pole AMi. BA at Mauna Loa Taiwan, Australia, USA
Future CMB Space Missions & Experiments SPOrt aboard the International Space Station 7 o l<20 (edited by Prof. Ng) Large-format radiometer arrays Large-format bolometer arrays: South Pole Telescope Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarbear ESA Planck 2007 0. 2 o l<1000 NASA Inflation Probe (Beyond Einstein Program)
“泛黃” 宇宙太古照片 (CMB Milestones) (edited by Prof. Ng) AT&T Bell 1978 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson Winning of Big Bang model NASA 2006 John Mather George Smoot Cosmology: Experimental Science NASA ? Plus many other observations Cosmology Precision Cosmology
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