20 th Century World War II Causes and

20 th Century: World War II Causes and results Dictatorships: Fascists and Communist

Dictators: Totalitarianism Characteristics “Total State” Not passive obedience l Expected active loyalty and commitment l control of political, economic, social and cultural aspects of life l led by a single leader and party l not interested in individual freedom (civil liberties) l used modern technology and propaganda l

Representative 20 th Century Dictators l l l The Fascists Benito Mussolini. Italy Adolph Hitler. Germany Fransico Franco. Spain Juan Peron. Argentina l l l The Communists Joseph Stalin USSR Mao Zedong- China Ho Chi Minh. Vietnam Fidel Castro- Cuba Tito- Yugoslavia

Benito Mussolini 1883 -1945 Il Duce First Fascist Dictator l Italy- in political and economic crisis l had support of middle class seeking stability l 1922 - march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel made him PM l Could legislate by decree, police state l Created Young Fascists- Never really in control of all culture/society l

Adolph Hitler 1889 -1945 Der Fuhrer born in Austria-early life in Vienna l core of beliefs- anti-Semitic l wrote “Mein Kampf” in jail in 20’s l built Nazi party on dissatisfaction l won over elite and establishment l fear of communists- largest party l » became chancellor l Reichtag burned-emergency powers

The Nazi State 1933 -1945 l Total State techniques » propaganda masters » mass demonstrations » rearmament of the military » SS control of police using terror based on Nazi ideology (secret police, camps execution and extermination) » Churches and youth groups under control » GOAL Aryan ? ? racial ? ? ? state.

Joseph Stalin and the USSR Communist State Similar to Total state l oppression of the masses l ownership of production and land by the state l forced rapid industrialization cruel l purges- wondered who was in power l elections? one party. 10% member l

Fascists (cont. . ) l l l Spain General Francisco Franco 1892 -1975 resulted from a civil war with communists aided by Italy and Germany l l l Latin America military dictators popular Juan Peron in Argentina

Path to World War II Looking for “living room” expansion l Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia l » Munich Conference- Chamberlain believed Hitler - would not demand more repudiated the Versailles Treaty. Rhineland l 1938 annexed Austria l Poland invasion 1939 - Treaty with GB and France declared war l

Blitzkrieg- Lightening War Poland surrendered in 4 weeks l Same speed took Denmark, Norway Belgium, Holland France (s of Paris) l Troops on continent trapped at Dunkirk l Importance of airwar- bombing of England l allied with Italy- took North Africa l

Allied Offensive 1943 -45 Began in North Africa l Japan and the United States enter war in 1941 l Sicily 1943 l Italy to So France l Normandy- largest invasion in history l Other battles, Battle of the Bulge, Arnheim, Remagen, Berlin l

The Holocaust- the plan to eliminate the opposition Concentration Camps become death Camps (more than 100 of these) l Brought Jews and any in opposition from all over Europe (Denmark the exception) l Labor Camps- Arbeit Mach Frei l killed two out of every 3 Jews- 6 mil l Another 9 -10 mil more l

Pacific War Japan, China , US GB Japan had invaded and controlled much of China resisted by Mao Zedong and Chaing Kai Sheck l Dec 7, 1941 - Bombs on Pearl Harbor l United States in the war l Economy- rationing- war machines built l Beginning of the end of tyranny l United States Undisputed World Leader l

Making Plans for Peace The Big Three: Chruchill, Roosevelt, Stalin l Locations: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam (Truman) VE Day l Atomic Bomb Test / Dropped l Ended War VJ Day l Churchill “An Iron curtain has descended in Europe” Beginning of the Cold War l