2 Phonological processes phonological rules and distinctive features

2. Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features A B / X_Y 1

2. 1 Assimilation 2

n Nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are all instances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. q q If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation. The converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation. 3

English Fricative Devoicing 4

n /v/ [f] q n [-nasal] [+nasal] / ____ [+nasal] Dentalization rule: q n voiced fricative voiceless / ____ voiceless Nasalization rule: q n /z/ [s] etc. [-dental] [dental] / ____ [dental] Velarization rule: q [-velar] [+velar] / ____ [+velar] 5

2. 2 Epenthesis, rule ordering and the Elsewhere Condition n a hotel, a boy, a use, a wagon, a big man, a yellow rug, a white house an apple, an honor, an orange curtain, an old lady Epenthesis (Insertion) Rule: 6

Plurals in English 7

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n n n a. The [ ] appears after voiceless sounds. b. The [ ] appears after voiced sounds. c. The [ ] appears after sibilants. / / [ ] / [–voice, C] _____ (Devoicing) [ ] / [+sibilant] _____ [ ] (Epenthesis) 10

Rule ordering 11

n The Elsewhere Condition The more specific rule applies first. 12