2 National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius

2 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566 (2012) 連邦制 > 連邦議会の立法権限 アメリカ政治史と法

3 U. S. Const. art. I, § 8 “The Congress shall have power … – [cl. 1] to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; … – 課税条項 Taxing Clause – 支出条項 Spending Clause

4 – [cl. 3] To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; … – 州際通商条項 Interstate Commerce Clause – … --And – [cl. 18] To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. . ” – 必要かつ適切条項 Necessary and Proper Clause

5 制限された政府 limited government Cf. U. S. Const. amend. IX – “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ” U. S. Const. amend. X – “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. ” ←→州政府の一般的規制権限police power

8 U. S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. ”

12 岡部[2010] http: //www. y-okabe. org/pdf/100514_jp. pdf より

13 田中[2011] http: //www. sj-ri. co. jp/issue/quarterly/data/qt 58 -2. pdf より

14 田中[2011] http: //www. sj-ri. co. jp/issue/quarterly/data/qt 58 -2. pdf より

15 岡部[2010] http: //www. y-okabe. org/pdf/100514_jp. pdf より

30 反対意見① 個人加入義務は州際通商条項・必要かつ適切条項によっ て正当化されない – 作為と不作為の区別；保険市場に参加しない（する気のない） 者を巻き込んでいる – 他の手段の存在 – The individual mandate “threatens [our constitutional] order because it gives such an expansive meaning to the Commerce Clause that all private conduct (including failure to act) becomes subject to federal control, effectively destroying the Constitution’s division of governmental powers. Thus [Ginsburg’s] dissent, on theories proposed for the validity of the Mandate, would alter the accepted constitutional relation between the individual and the National Government. ”

34 評価 事前の予測 Robertsの政治的配慮？ 経済立法を違憲としたのはニューディール期以来 “State sovereignty is not just an end in itself: Rather, federalism secures to citizens the liberties that derive from the diffusion of sovereign power. ” 「形式」「タテマエ」と「実際上の問題」の交錯／捻れ

35 評価：州際通商条項関連 “activity” と “inactivity” の区別の導入 – “regulating” commerce と “compelling” commerce の区別 医療保険とブロッコリーの異同 – “To an economist, perhaps, there is no difference between activity and inactivity; both have measurable economic effects on commerce. But the distinction between doing something and doing nothing would not have been lost on the Framers, who were ‘practical statesmen, ’ not metaphysical philosophers. ” 因果関係を結ぶ要素