2 Morphological processes Morphological typology Review of the

세계언어비교입문 2: Morphological processes Morphological typology

Review of the last week • content vs. function words • morphemes and morphology • types of morphemes – free and bound morphemes – types of affixes • simple morpheme analysis

Today we will talk about: • Morphological processes (or wordformation processes 단어형성과정) • Morphological typology (형태론적 유형론 )

Morphological processes • • affixation (접사첨가) compounding (합성어형성) reduplication (중첩) alternations (교체) suppletion (보충법) clipping (절단) blending (혼성)

Affixation • prefixes, suffixes, infixes, circumfixes, transfixes • Can we say that -ful is an infix in doubtfully?

Compounding • Types of compounds 1 – compounding free morphemes – compounding words derived by affixation – compounding words formed by compounding themselves • girlfriend, blackbird, textbook • air-conditioner, looking-glass, watch-maker • lifeguard chair, aircraft carrier, life-insurance salesman

Compounding (cont. ) • Types of compounds 2 – Endocentric compounds (내심합성어) – Exocentric compounds (외심합성어) – Dvandav compounds (병렬합성어) • hair-dryer, alarm clock, notebook; the@ rose@ ‘rose tea’, timbre poste ‘poststamp’ • turncoat, egghead, highbrow, redskin • fighter-bomber, bitter-sweet, producerdistributor

Exercise • • • pickpocket rocking chair loudmouth steamboat cheapskate 춘하추동 술잔 인마(人馬) 책가방

Compounds vs. phrases in English • Compounds ti@ght rope Re@dcoat ho@tdog Whi@te House Phrases ti$ght ro@pe re$d co@at ho$t do@g whi$te ho@use ro@cking chair ro$cking cha@ir ra@cing horse ra$cing ho@rse E@nglish teacher E$nglish te@acher

Reduplication • total reduplication (완전중첩) • partial reduplication (부분중첩) • reduplicant (중첩접사)

Meanings of reduplicated words • • • bar ‘two’ ren ‘man’ anak ‘child’ pik ‘touch it’ guyon ‘to jest’ wu ‘die’ bu ‘bend’ dolu ‘full’ dii ‘to be good’ barbar ‘all two’ (Tzeltal) renren ‘everybody) (Mandarin) anak ‘various children’ (Malay) pipik ‘touch it repeatedly’ (Tzeltal) guguyon ‘to jest repeatedly’ (Sundanese) wuwu ‘die in numbers’ (Twi) bubu ‘bend many things’ (Twi) dopdolu ‘quite full’ (Turkish) diidii ‘to be extremely good’ (Thai)

Total reduplication • Indonesian rumah ‘house’ ibu ‘mother’ lalat ‘fly’ rumah ‘houses’ ibuibu ‘mothers’ lalat ‘flies’ • 사람사람, 집집, 색색, 조각조각, 하루하루, 쌍쌍 • bang-bang, choo-choo, pooh-pooh, thick-thick, pretty-pretty, goody-goody,

Partial reduplication • • initial reduplication = reduplicative prefixation (어두중첩) final reduplication = reduplicative suffixation (어말중첩) internal reduplication = reduplicative infixation (어중중첩) mutational reduplication (교체중첩)

Partial reduplication (cont. ) • Tagalog bili kain pasok ‘buy’ ‘eat’ ‘enter’ bibili kakain ‘will buy’ ‘will eat’ papasok ‘will enter’ • Agta (a language of Phillipines) takki taktakki ‘legs’ uffu ufuffu ‘thighs’

Partial reduplication (cont. ) • • Manam salagalaga moitaita ? ulanla. N ‘long’ ‘knife’ ‘desire’ Samoan alofa alolofa savali savavali maliu maliliu ‘love’ ‘walk ‘die’

Mutational reduplication • sing-song, wishy-washy, sing-song, zig-zag, tick-tock, dilly-dally, tittletattle • hocus-pocus, teeny-weeny, roly-poly, harum-scarum, nitwit • 울긋불긋, 아롱다롱

Alternations • man • goose • foot men geese feet • ring • swim rang swam • • strive teethe breathe live strife teeth breath life rung swum

Suppletion • am • go was went • good • bad better worse best worst

Clipping • math(ematics), gas(oline), ad(vertisement), deli(catessen), gym(nasium), Mass(achusetts) • (tele)phone, (cara)van, (omni)bus • Ben(jamin), Tim(othy) • (Al)bert, (Ja)net

Blending • • • fog+smoke smog breakfast+lunch brunch motor+hotel motel urine+analysis urinalysis jazz+exercise jazzercise drama+comedy dramedy cinema+complex cineplex giant+enormous ginormous appetite+thermostat appestat

Morphological typology • isolating (or analytic) languages (고립어) • synthetic languages (합성어) – agglutinating languages (교착어) – inflectional (or fusional) languages (굴절어) – polysynthetic languages (포함어)

Isolating (or analytic) languages Chinese

Agglutinating languages • Turkish el ‘the hand’ elim ‘my hand’ eller ‘the hands’ elimde ‘in my hand’ ellerim ‘my hands’ ellerimde ‘in my hands’

Inflectional (or fusional) languages • Latin Singular Plural Nominative: me#nsa me#nsæ Genitive: me#nsæ me#nsa#rum Ablative: me#nsa me#nsi#s

Inflectional (or fusional) languages (cont. ) • Spanish [-o] [-a] [-e] [-mos] [-n] 1 st person sg. present tense 3 rd person sg. present tense 1 st person sg. past tense 1 st person pl. present tense 3 rd person pl. present tense

Polysynthetic languages • Soro (a language spoken in India)

Summary

Exercise Swahili

Exercise • English Call me Ishmael. Some years ago-never mind how long precisely--having little or no money in my purse, and nothing in particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world.